Missing ImageId event on call stack in WPA

We have an application in the cloud that we're interested in analyzing the call stack.

When analyzing the .etl file generated from wpr. Call stack from application shows "Missing ImageId Event".
Loading the debug symbols does nothing for the application, but does load pdbs for other files.

Another observation is that the application does not appear under Symbols Hub.

Comparing this to an application running on-prem. We could see that the application exists under Symbols Hub. Symbols can be loaded as well.

Other things that might help with this:
OS version (Cloud) : 10.0.19042 N/A Build 19042
OS version (On-prem) : 10.0.14393 N/A Build 14393

WPR (Cloud) : WPR Version 10.0.19041
WPR (On-prem) : WPR Version 10.0.14393