Hi @Andrew Jones,
Per my research, SharePoint rest api does not support "Password Grant Flow". You can either use "Client Credentials Flow" or "Implicit Flow". If you want to allow users to use their username & password, Use implicit flow.
NOTE: User will always require to sign in to get access token. You can not simply pass username and password with post request.
Here is the complete guide for configuring azure ad app for implicit flow :
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