As AKS is a managed service, you don't have access to modify the master nodes. The changes you've attempted on the master nodes likely didn't take effect due to this.
The kubectl proxy
proxies requests to the Kubernetes API server not kubelet API.
You can test this out to disable:
az aks update --resource-group <RG> --name <Cluster> --set agentPoolProfiles[0].kubeletConfig.readOnlyPort=0
You can also try custom Kubelet config
https://video2.skills-academy.com/en-us/azure/aks/custom-node-configuration?tabs=linux-node-pools
If this does not work, I will recommend opening a support case for dedicated assistance.
You can mark it 'Accept Answer' and 'Upvote' if this helped you
Regards,
Abiola