@Mateusz Michalak, Thanks for posting in Q&A.
From your description, I know you want to block adding business email account by specifying in an application such as gmail: mail server, domain, username and password via conditional access policy.
Based on my research, we can block all email apps except Outlook for iOS and Android using conditional access and it will take some time that the CA is working.
Also, here are links about blocking exchange online email on unmanaged devices you can refer.
https://www.cloudtekspace.com/post/block-exchange-online-email-on-unmanaged-devices
Non-official, just for reference.
Hope above information can help you.
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