Hi @CHarrison
Thank you for posting your question in the Microsoft Q&A forum.
Can you double check if you login into your Google Workspace on the web, can you still see your emails there? Check in your trash bin also.
If the emails are still there, it means your server still has a copy of your emails.
You can try resyncing your Google account into Outlook again. This time, use export to .pst feature to move the emails. Export from your Google account, then import to your Outlook business account.
Export emails, contacts, and calendar items to Outlook using a .pst file - Microsoft Support
Import email, contacts, and calendar from an Outlook .pst file - Microsoft Support
You mentioned you still have a copy of the email in Thunderbird, you can try export the emails as CSV (comma separated values) file, then import it to Outlook as well.
I look forward for your reply.
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