Display images and documents in ASP.NET Core Blazor

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Note

This isn't the latest version of this article. For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.

Warning

This version of ASP.NET Core is no longer supported. For more information, see .NET and .NET Core Support Policy. For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.

Important

This information relates to a pre-release product that may be substantially modified before it's commercially released. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the information provided here.

For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.

This article describes approaches for displaying images and documents in Blazor apps.

The examples in this article are available for inspection and use in the Blazor sample apps:

dotnet/blazor-samples GitHub repository: Navigate to the app named BlazorSample_BlazorWebApp (8.0 or later), BlazorSample_Server (7.0 or earlier), or BlazorSample_WebAssembly.

Dynamically set an image source

The following example demonstrates how to dynamically set an image's source with a C# field.

The example in this section uses three image files, named image1.png, image2.png, and image3.png. The images are placed in a folder named images in the app's web root (wwwroot). The use of the images folder is only for demonstration purposes. You can organize static assets in any folder layout that you prefer, including serving assets directly from the wwwroot folder.

In the following ShowImage1 component:

  • The image's source (src) is dynamically set to the value of imageSource in C#.
  • The ShowImage method updates the imageSource field based on an image id argument passed to the method.
  • Rendered buttons call the ShowImage method with an image argument for each of the three available images in the images folder. The file name is composed using the argument passed to the method and matches one of the three images in the images folder.

ShowImage1.razor:

@page "/show-image-1"

<PageTitle>Show Image 1</PageTitle>

<h1>Show Image Example 1</h1>

@if (imageSource is not null)
{
    <p>
        <img src="@imageSource" />
    </p>
}

@for (var i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
{
    var imageId = i;
    <button @onclick="() => ShowImage(imageId)">
        Image @imageId
    </button>
}

@code {
    private string? imageSource;

    private void ShowImage(int id) => imageSource = $"images/image{id}.png";
}

@page "/show-image-1"

<PageTitle>Show Image 1</PageTitle>

<h1>Show Image Example 1</h1>

@if (imageSource is not null)
{
    <p>
        <img src="@imageSource" />
    </p>
}

@for (var i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
{
    var imageId = i;
    <button @onclick="() => ShowImage(imageId)">
        Image @imageId
    </button>
}

@code {
    private string? imageSource;

    private void ShowImage(int id) => imageSource = $"images/image{id}.png";
}

@page "/show-image-1"

<h1>Dynamic Image Source Example</h1>

@if (imageSource is not null)
{
    <p>
        <img src="@imageSource" />
    </p>
}

@for (var i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
{
    var imageId = i;
    <button @onclick="() => ShowImage(imageId)">
        Image @imageId
    </button>
}

@code {
    private string? imageSource;

    private void ShowImage(int id)
    {
        imageSource = $"images/image{id}.png";
    }
}

@page "/show-image-1"

<h1>Dynamic Image Source Example</h1>

@if (imageSource is not null)
{
    <p>
        <img src="@imageSource" />
    </p>
}

@for (var i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
{
    var imageId = i;
    <button @onclick="() => ShowImage(imageId)">
        Image @imageId
    </button>
}

@code {
    private string? imageSource;

    private void ShowImage(int id)
    {
        imageSource = $"images/image{id}.png";
    }
}

The preceding example uses a C# field to hold the image's source data, but you can also use a C# property to hold the data.

Avoid using a loop variable directly in a lambda expression, such as i in the preceding for loop example. Otherwise, the same variable is used by all lambda expressions, which results in use of the same value in all lambdas. Capture the variable's value in a local variable. In the preceding example:

  • The loop variable i is assigned to imageId.
  • imageId is used in the lambda expression.

Alternatively, use a foreach loop with Enumerable.Range, which doesn't suffer from the preceding problem:

@foreach (var imageId in Enumerable.Range(1, 3))
{
    <button @onclick="() => ShowImage(imageId)">
        Image @imageId
    </button>
}

For more information on lambda expressions with event handling, see ASP.NET Core Blazor event handling.

Stream image or document data

An image or other document type, such as a PDF, can be directly transmitted to the client using Blazor's streaming interop features instead of hosting the file at a public URL.

The example in this section streams source data using JavaScript (JS) interop. The following setSource JS function:

  • Can be used to stream content for the following elements: <body>, <embed>, <iframe>, <img>, <link>, <object>, <script>, <style>, and <track>.
  • Accepts an element id to display the file's contents, a data stream for the document, the content type, and a title for the display element.

The function:

  • Reads the provided stream into an ArrayBuffer.
  • Creates a Blob to wrap the ArrayBuffer, setting the blob's content type.
  • Creates an object URL to serve as the address for the document to be shown.
  • Set's the element's title (title) from the title parameter and sets the element's source (src) from the created object URL.
  • To prevent memory leaks, the function calls revokeObjectURL to dispose of the object URL after the element loads the resource (load event).
<script>
  window.setSource = async (elementId, stream, contentType, title) => {
    const arrayBuffer = await stream.arrayBuffer();
    let blobOptions = {};
    if (contentType) {
      blobOptions['type'] = contentType;
    }
    const blob = new Blob([arrayBuffer], blobOptions);
    const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
    const element = document.getElementById(elementId);
    element.title = title;
    element.onload = () => {
      URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
    }
    element.src = url;
  }
</script>

Note

For general guidance on JS location and our recommendations for production apps, see JavaScript location in ASP.NET Core Blazor apps.

The following ShowImage2 component:

  • Injects services for an System.Net.Http.HttpClient and Microsoft.JSInterop.IJSRuntime.
  • Includes an <img> tag to display an image.
  • Has a GetImageStreamAsync C# method to retrieve a Stream for an image. A production app may dynamically generate an image based on the specific user or retrieve an image from storage. The following example retrieves the .NET avatar for the dotnet GitHub repository.
  • Has a SetImageAsync method that's triggered on the button's selection by the user. SetImageAsync performs the following steps:
    • Retrieves the Stream from GetImageStreamAsync.
    • Wraps the Stream in a DotNetStreamReference, which allows streaming the image data to the client.
    • Invokes the setSource JavaScript function, which accepts the data on the client.

Note

Server-side apps use a dedicated HttpClient service to make requests, so no action is required by the developer of a server-side Blazor app to register an HttpClient service. Client-side apps have a default HttpClient service registration when the app is created from a Blazor project template. If an HttpClient service registration isn't present in the Program file of a client-side app, provide one by adding builder.Services.AddHttpClient();. For more information, see Make HTTP requests using IHttpClientFactory in ASP.NET Core.

ShowImage2.razor:

@page "/show-image-2"
@inject HttpClient Http
@inject IJSRuntime JS

<PageTitle>Show Image 2</PageTitle>

<h1>Show Image Example 2</h1>

<button @onclick="SetImageAsync">
    Set Image
</button>

<div class="p-3">
    <img id="avatar" />
</div>

@code {
    private async Task<Stream> GetImageStreamAsync() => 
        await Http.GetStreamAsync("https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9141961");

    private async Task SetImageAsync()
    {
        var imageStream = await GetImageStreamAsync();
        var strRef = new DotNetStreamReference(imageStream);
        await JS.InvokeVoidAsync("setSource", "avatar", strRef, "image/png", 
            ".NET GitHub avatar");
    }
}

@page "/show-image-2"
@inject HttpClient Http
@inject IJSRuntime JS

<PageTitle>Show Image 2</PageTitle>

<h1>Show Image Example 2</h1>

<button @onclick="SetImageAsync">
    Set Image
</button>

<div class="p-3">
    <img id="avatar" />
</div>

@code {
    private async Task<Stream> GetImageStreamAsync() => 
        await Http.GetStreamAsync("https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9141961");

    private async Task SetImageAsync()
    {
        var imageStream = await GetImageStreamAsync();
        var strRef = new DotNetStreamReference(imageStream);
        await JS.InvokeVoidAsync("setSource", "avatar", strRef, "image/png", 
            ".NET GitHub avatar");
    }
}

@page "/show-image-2"
@inject HttpClient Http
@inject IJSRuntime JS

<h1>Show Image Example 2</h1>

<button @onclick="SetImageAsync">
    Set Image
</button>

<div class="p-3">
    <img id="avatar" />
</div>

@code {
    private async Task<Stream> GetImageStreamAsync()
    {
        return await Http.GetStreamAsync(
            "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9141961");
    }

    private async Task SetImageAsync()
    {
        var imageStream = await GetImageStreamAsync();
        var strRef = new DotNetStreamReference(imageStream);
        await JS.InvokeVoidAsync("setSource", "avatar", strRef, "image/png", 
            ".NET GitHub avatar");
    }
}

@page "/show-image-2"
@inject HttpClient Http
@inject IJSRuntime JS

<h1>Show Image Example 2</h1>

<button @onclick="SetImageAsync">
    Set Image
</button>

<div class="p-3">
    <img id="avatar" />
</div>

@code {
    private async Task<Stream> GetImageStreamAsync()
    {
        return await Http.GetStreamAsync(
            "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9141961");
    }

    private async Task SetImageAsync()
    {
        var imageStream = await GetImageStreamAsync();
        var strRef = new DotNetStreamReference(imageStream);
        await JS.InvokeVoidAsync("setSource", "avatar", strRef, "image/png", 
            ".NET GitHub avatar");
    }
}

The following ShowFile component loads either a text file (files/quote.txt) or a PDF file (files/quote.pdf) into an <iframe> element (MDN documentation).

Caution

Use of the <iframe> element in the following example is safe and doesn't require sandboxing because content is loaded from the app, which is a trusted source.

When loading content from an untrusted source or user input, an improperly implemented <iframe> element risks creating security vulnerabilities.

ShowFile.razor:

@page "/show-file"
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
@inject HttpClient Http
@inject IJSRuntime JS

<PageTitle>Show File</PageTitle>

<div class="d-flex flex-column">
    <h1>Show File Example</h1>
    <div class="mb-4">
        <button @onclick="@(() => ShowFileAsync("files/quote.txt", 
                "General Ravon quote (text file)"))">
            Show text ('quote.txt')
        </button>
        <button @onclick="@(() => ShowFileAsync("files/quote.pdf", 
                "General Ravon quote (PDF file)"))">
            Show PDF ('quote.pdf')
        </button>
    </div>
    <iframe id="iframe" style="height: calc(100vh - 200px)" />
</div>

@code
{
    private async Task<(Stream, string?)> DownloadFileAsync(string url)
    {
        var absoluteUrl = Navigation.ToAbsoluteUri(url);
        Console.WriteLine($"Downloading file from {absoluteUrl}");

        var response = await Http.GetAsync(absoluteUrl);
        string? contentType = null;

        if (response.Content.Headers.TryGetValues("Content-Type", out var values))
        {
            contentType = values.FirstOrDefault();
        }

        return (await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(), contentType);
    }

    private async Task ShowFileAsync(string url, string title)
    {
        var (fileStream, contentType) = await DownloadFileAsync(url);
        var strRef = new DotNetStreamReference(fileStream);
        await JS.InvokeVoidAsync("setSource", "iframe", strRef, contentType, title);
    }
}

@page "/show-file"
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
@inject HttpClient Http
@inject IJSRuntime JS

<PageTitle>Show File</PageTitle>

<div class="d-flex flex-column">
    <h1>Show File Example</h1>
    <div class="mb-4">
        <button @onclick="@(() => ShowFileAsync("files/quote.txt", 
                "General Ravon quote (text file)"))">
            Show text ('quote.txt')
        </button>
        <button @onclick="@(() => ShowFileAsync("files/quote.pdf", 
                "General Ravon quote (PDF file)"))">
            Show PDF ('quote.pdf')
        </button>
    </div>
    <iframe id="iframe" style="height: calc(100vh - 200px)" />
</div>

@code
{
    private async Task<(Stream, string?)> DownloadFileAsync(string url)
    {
        var absoluteUrl = Navigation.ToAbsoluteUri(url);
        Console.WriteLine($"Downloading file from {absoluteUrl}");

        var response = await Http.GetAsync(absoluteUrl);
        string? contentType = null;

        if (response.Content.Headers.TryGetValues("Content-Type", out var values))
        {
            contentType = values.FirstOrDefault();
        }

        return (await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(), contentType);
    }

    private async Task ShowFileAsync(string url, string title)
    {
        var (fileStream, contentType) = await DownloadFileAsync(url);
        var strRef = new DotNetStreamReference(fileStream);
        await JS.InvokeVoidAsync("setSource", "iframe", strRef, contentType, title);
    }
}

@page "/show-file"
@inject NavigationManager NavigationManager
@inject HttpClient Http
@inject IJSRuntime JS

<div class="d-flex flex-column">
    <h1>Show File Example</h1>
    <div class="mb-4">
        <button @onclick="@(() => ShowFileAsync("files/quote.txt", 
                "General Ravon quote (text file)"))">
            Show text ('quote.txt')
        </button>
        <button @onclick="@(() => ShowFileAsync("files/quote.pdf", 
                "General Ravon quote (PDF file)"))">
            Show PDF ('quote.pdf')
        </button>
    </div>
    <iframe id="iframe" style="height: calc(100vh - 200px)" />
</div>

@code
{
    private async Task<(Stream, string?)> DownloadFileAsync(string url)
    {
        var absoluteUrl = NavigationManager.ToAbsoluteUri(url);
        Console.WriteLine($"Downloading file from {absoluteUrl}");

        var response = await Http.GetAsync(absoluteUrl);
        string? contentType = null;

        if (response.Content.Headers.TryGetValues("Content-Type", out var values))
        {
            contentType = values.FirstOrDefault();
        }

        return (await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(), contentType);
    }

    private async Task ShowFileAsync(string url, string title)
    {
        var (fileStream, contentType) = await DownloadFileAsync(url);
        var strRef = new DotNetStreamReference(fileStream);
        await JS.InvokeVoidAsync("setSource", "iframe", strRef, contentType, title);
    }
}

@page "/show-file"
@inject NavigationManager NavigationManager
@inject HttpClient Http
@inject IJSRuntime JS

<div class="d-flex flex-column">
    <h1>Show File Example</h1>
    <div class="mb-4">
        <button @onclick="@(() => ShowFileAsync("files/quote.txt", 
                "General Ravon quote (text file)"))">
            Show text ('quote.txt')
        </button>
        <button @onclick="@(() => ShowFileAsync("files/quote.pdf", 
                "General Ravon quote (PDF file)"))">
            Show PDF ('quote.pdf')
        </button>
    </div>
    <iframe id="iframe" style="height: calc(100vh - 200px)" />
</div>

@code
{
    private async Task<(Stream, string?)> DownloadFileAsync(string url)
    {
        var absoluteUrl = NavigationManager.ToAbsoluteUri(url);
        Console.WriteLine($"Downloading file from {absoluteUrl}");

        var response = await Http.GetAsync(absoluteUrl);
        string? contentType = null;

        if (response.Content.Headers.TryGetValues("Content-Type", out var values))
        {
            contentType = values.FirstOrDefault();
        }

        return (await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(), contentType);
    }

    private async Task ShowFileAsync(string url, string title)
    {
        var (fileStream, contentType) = await DownloadFileAsync(url);
        var strRef = new DotNetStreamReference(fileStream);
        await JS.InvokeVoidAsync("setSource", "iframe", strRef, contentType, title);
    }
}

Additional resources