• 3 minutes

The following graphic provides an overview of how Microsoft Defender XDR and Microsoft Sentinel are integrated in a Modern Security Operations Center (SOC).

Security Operations Model - Functions and Tools

While the assignment of responsibilities to individual people and teams vary based on organization size and other factors, security operations are composed of several distinct functions. Each function/team has a primary focus area and also must collaborate closely with other functions and outside teams to be effective. This diagram depicts the full model with fully staffed teams. In smaller organizations, these functions are often combined into a single role or team, performed by IT Operations (for technical roles), or are performed as a temporary function by leadership/delegates (for incident management)

Triage and Automation

We'll start with handling reactive alerts – which begins with:

• Automation – Near real-time resolution of known incident types with automation. These are well-defined attacks that the organization has seen many times.

• Triage (aka Tier 1) –Triage analysts focus on rapid remediation of a high volume of well-known incident types that still require (quick) human judgment. These are often tasked with approving automated remediation workflows and identifying anything anomalous or interesting that warrant escalation or consultation with investigation (Tier 2) teams.

  Key learnings for Triage and Automation:

  • 90% true positive - We recommend setting a quality standard of 90% true positive for any alert feeds that require an analyst to respond so analysts aren’t required to respond to a high volume of false alarms.
  • Alert Ratio – In Microsoft’s experience from our Cyber Defense Operations Center, XDR alerts produce most of the high-quality alerts, with the remainders coming from user reported issues, classic log query based alerts, and other sources
  • Automation is a key enabler for triage teams as it helps empower these analysts and reduce the burden of manual effort (for example, provide automated investigation and then prompt them for a human review before approving the remediation sequence that was automatically built for this incident).
  • Tool Integration - One of the most powerful time saving technologies that improved time to remediation in Microsoft’s CDOC is the integration of XDR tools together into Microsoft Defender XDR so analysts have a single console for endpoint, email, identity, and more. This integration enables analysts to rapidly discover and clean up attacker phishing emails, malware, and compromised accounts before they can do significant damage.
  • Focus - These teams can't maintain their high speed of resolution for all types of technologies and scenarios, so they keep their focus narrow on a few technical areas and/or scenarios. Most often this is on user productivity, like email, endpoint AV alerts (versus EDR that goes into investigations), and first response for user reports.

Investigation and Incident Management (Tier 2)

This team serves as the escalation point for issues from Triage (Tier 1), and directly monitors alerts that indicate a more sophisticated attacker. Specifically alerts that trigger behavioral alerts, special case alerts related to business-critical assets, and monitoring for ongoing attack campaigns. Proactively, this team also periodically reviews the Triage team alert queue and can proactively hunt using XDR tools in their spare time.

This team provides deeper investigation into a lower volume of more complex attacks, often multi-stage attacks conducted by human attack operators. This team pilots new/unfamiliar alert types to document processes for Triage team and automation, often including alerts generated by Microsoft Defender for Cloud on cloud hosted apps, VMs, containers and Kubernetes, SQL databases, etc.

Incident Management – This team takes on the nontechnical aspects of managing incidents including coordination with other teams like communications, legal, leadership, and other business stakeholders.

Hunt and Incident Management (Tier 3)

This is a multi-disciplinary team focused on identifying attackers that could have slipped through the reactive detections and handling major business-impacting events.

• Hunt – This team proactively hunts for undetected threats, assists with escalations and advanced forensics for reactive investigations, and refines alerts/automation. These teams operate in more of a hypothesis-driven model than a reactive alert model and are also where red/purple teams connect with security operations.

How It Comes Together

To give you an idea of how this works, let’s follow a common incident lifecycle

1. Triage (Tier 1) analyst claims a malware alert from the queue and investigates (for example, with Microsoft Defender XDR console)
2. While most Triage cases are rapidly remediated and closed, this time the analyst observes that malware might require more involved/advanced remediation (for example, device isolation and cleanup). Triage escalates the case to the Investigation analyst (Tier 2), who takes lead for investigation. The Triage team has option to stay involved and learn more (Investigation team might use Microsoft Sentinel or another SIEM for broader context)
3. Investigation verifies investigation conclusions (or digs further into it) and proceeds with remediation, closes case.
4. Later, Hunt (Tier 3) might notice this case while reviewing closed incidents to scan for commonalities or anomalies worth digging into:
   • Detections that might be eligible for autoremediation
   • Multiple similar incidents that might have a common root cause
   • Other potential process/tool/alert improvements In one case, Tier 3 reviewed the case and found that the user had fallen for a tech scam. This detection was then flagged as a potentially higher priority alert because the scammers had managed to get admin level access on the endpoint. A higher risk exposure.

Threat intelligence

Threat Intelligence teams provide context and insights to support all other functions (using a threat intelligence platform (TIP) in larger organizations). This could include many different facets including

• Reactive technical research for active incidents
• Proactive technical research into attacker groups, attack trends, high profile attacks, emerging techniques, etc.
• Strategic analysis, research, and insights to inform business and technical processes and priorities.
• And more