GSUB - The Glyph Substitution Table (OpenType 1.7)

The Glyph Substitution table (GSUB) contains information for substituting glyphs to render the scripts and language systems supported in a font. Many language systems require glyph substitutes. For example, in the Arabic script, the glyph shape that depicts a particular character varies according to its position in a word or text string (see figure 1). In other language systems, glyph substitutes are aesthetic options for the user, such as the use of ligature glyphs in the English language (see Figure 2).

Overview

Many fonts use limited character encoding standards that map glyphs to characters one-to-one, assigning a glyph to each character code value in a font. Multiple character codes cannot be mapped to a single glyph, as needed for ligature glyphs, and multiple glyphs cannot be mapped to a single character code, as needed to decompose a ligature into its component glyphs.

To supply glyph substitutes, font developers must assign different character codes to the glyphs, or they must create additional fonts or character sets. To access these glyphs, users must bear the burden of switching between character codes, character sets, or fonts.

Substituting Glyphs with OpenType™

The OpenType GSUB table fully supports glyph substitution. To access glyph substitutes, GSUB maps from the glyph index or indices defined in a cmap table to the glyph index or indices of the glyph substitutes. For example, if a font has three alternative forms of an ampersand glyph, the cmap table associates the ampersand’s character code with only one of these glyphs. In GSUB, the indices of the other ampersand glyphs are then referenced by this one index.

The text-processing client uses the GSUB data to manage glyph substitution actions. GSUB identifies the glyphs that are input to and output from each glyph substitution action, specifies how and where the client uses glyph substitutes, and regulates the order of glyph substitution operations. Any number of substitutions can be defined for each script or language system represented in a font.

The GSUB table supports six types of glyph substitutions that are widely used in international typography:

• A single substitution replaces a single glyph with another single glyph. This is used to render positional glyph variants in Arabic and vertical text in the Far East (see Figure 3).

  

• A multiple substitution replaces a single glyph with more than one glyph. This is used to specify actions such as ligature decomposition (see Figure 4).

  

• An alternate substitution identifies functionally equivalent but different looking forms of a glyph. These glyphs are often referred to as aesthetic alternatives. For example, a font might have five different glyphs for the ampersand symbol, but one would have a default glyph index in the cmap table. The client could use the default glyph or substitute any of the four alternatives (see Figure 5).

  

• A ligature substitution replaces several glyph indices with a single glyph index, as when an Arabic ligature glyph replaces a string of separate glyphs (see Figure 6). When a string of glyphs can be replaced with a single ligature glyph, the first glyph is substituted with the ligature. The remaining glyphs in the string are deleted, this does not include those glyphs that are skipped as a result of lookup flags.

  

• Contextual substitution, the most powerful type, describes glyph substitutions in context-that is, a substitution of one or more glyphs within a certain pattern of glyphs. Each substitution describes one or more input glyph sequences and one or more substitutions to be performed on that sequence. Contextual substitutions can be applied to specific glyph sequences, glyph classes, or sets of glyphs.
• Chaining contextual substitution, extends the capabilities of contextual substitution. With this, one or more substitutions can be performed on one or more glyphs within a pattern of glyphs (input sequence), by chaining the input sequence to a ‘backtrack’ and/or ‘lookahead’ sequence. Each such substitution can be applied in three formats to handle glyphs, glyph classes or glyph sets in the input sequence. Each of these formats can describe one or more of the backtrack, input and lookahead sequences.
• Reverse Chaining contextual single substitution, allows one glyph to be substituted with another by chaining input glyph to a ‘backtrack’ and/or ‘lookahead’ sequence. The difference between this and other lookup types is that processing of input glyph sequence goes from end to start.

Table Organization

The GSUB table begins with a header that defines offsets to a ScriptList, a FeatureList, and a LookupList (see Figure 3g):

• The ScriptList identifies all the scripts and language systems in the font that use glyph substitutes.
• The FeatureList defines all the glyph substitution features required to render these scripts and language systems.
• The LookupList contains all the lookup data needed to implement each glyph substitution feature.

For a detailed discussion of ScriptLists, FeatureLists, and LookupLists, see the chapter OpenType Common Table Formats.

This organization helps text-processing clients to easily locate the features and lookups that apply to a particular script or language system. To access GSUB information, clients should use the following procedure:

1. Locate the current script in the GSUB ScriptList table.
2. If the language system is known, search the script for the correct LangSys table; otherwise, use the script’s default language system (DefaultLangSys table).
3. The LangSys table provides index numbers into the GSUB FeatureList table to access a required feature and a number of additional features.
4. Inspect the FeatureTag of each feature, and select the features to apply to an input glyph string. Each feature provides an array of index numbers into the GSUB LookupList table.
5. Assemble all lookups from the set of chosen features, and apply the lookups in the order given in the LookupList table.

Lookup data is defined in one or more subtables that define the specific conditions, type, and results of a substitution action used to implement a feature. All subtables in a lookup must be of the same LookupType, as listed in the LookupType Enumeration table:

LookupType Enumeration table for glyph substitution

Value	Type	Description
1	Single (format 1.1 1.2)	Replace one glyph with one glyph
2	Multiple (format 2.1)	Replace one glyph with more than one glyph
3	Alternate (format 3.1)	Replace one glyph with one of many glyphs
4	Ligature (format 4.1)	Replace multiple glyphs with one glyph
5	Context (format 5.1 5.2 5.3)	Replace one or more glyphs in context
6	Chaining Context (format 6.1 6.2 6.3)	Replace one or more glyphs in chained context
7	Extension Substitution (format 7.1)	Extension mechanism for other substitutions (i.e. this excludes the Extension type substitution itself)
8	Reverse chaining context single (format 8.1)	Applied in reverse order, replace single glyph in chaining context
9+	Reserved	For future use (set to zero)

Each LookupType subtable has one or more formats. The “best” format depends on the type of substitution and the resulting storage efficiency. When glyph information is best presented in more than one format, a single lookup may define more than one subtable, as long as all the subtables are for the same LookupType. For example, within a given lookup, a glyph index array format may best represent one set of target glyphs, whereas a glyph index range format may be better for another set.

A series of substitution operations on the same glyph or string requires multiple lookups, one for each separate action. Each lookup is given a different array number in the LookupList table and is applied in the LookupList order.

During text processing, a client applies a lookup to each glyph in the string before moving to the next lookup. A lookup is finished for a glyph after the client locates the target glyph or glyph context and performs a substitution, if specified. To move to the “next” glyph, the client will typically skip all the glyphs that participated in the lookup operation: glyphs that were substituted as well as any other glyphs that formed a context for the operation.

In the case of chained contextual lookups, glyphs comprising backtrack and lookahead sequences may participate in more than one context.

The rest of this chapter describes the GSUB header and the subtables defined for each GSUB LookupType. Examples at the end of this page illustrate each of the five LookupTypes, including the three formats available for contextual substitutions.

GSUB Header

The GSUB table begins with a header that contains a version number for the table (Version) and offsets to a three tables: ScriptList, FeatureList, and LookupList. For descriptions of each of these tables, see the chapter, OpenType Common Table Formats. Example 1 at the end of this chapter shows a GSUB Header table definition.

GSUB Header

Type	Name	Description
Fixed	Version	Version of the GSUB table-initially set to 0x00010000
Offset	ScriptList	Offset to ScriptList table-from beginning of GSUB table
Offset	FeatureList	Offset to FeatureList table-from beginning of GSUB table
Offset	LookupList	Offset to LookupList table-from beginning of GSUB table

LookupType 1: Single Substitution Subtable

Single substitution (SingleSubst) subtables tell a client to replace a single glyph with another glyph. The subtables can be either of two formats. Both formats require two distinct sets of glyph indices: one that defines input glyphs (specified in the Coverage table), and one that defines the output glyphs. Format 1 requires less space than Format 2, but it is less flexible.

1.1 Single Substitution Format 1

Format 1 calculates the indices of the output glyphs, which are not explicitly defined in the subtable. To calculate an output glyph index, Format 1 adds a constant delta value to the input glyph index. For the substitutions to occur properly, the glyph indices in the input and output ranges must be in the same order. This format does not use the Coverage Index that is returned from the Coverage table.

The SingleSubstFormat1 subtable begins with a format identifier (SubstFormat) of 1. An offset references a Coverage table that specifies the indices of the input glyphs. DeltaGlyphID is the constant value added to each input glyph index to calculate the index of the corresponding output glyph.

Example 2 at the end of this chapter uses Format 1 to replace standard numerals with lining numerals.

SingleSubstFormat1 subtable: Calculated output glyph indices

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 1
Offset	Coverage	Offset to Coverage table-from beginning of Substitution table
int16	DeltaGlyphID	Add to original GlyphID to get substitute GlyphID

1.2 Single Substitution Format 2

Format 2 is more flexible than Format 1, but requires more space. It provides an array of output glyph indices (Substitute) explicitly matched to the input glyph indices specified in the Coverage table.

The SingleSubstFormat2 subtable specifies a format identifier (SubstFormat), an offset to a Coverage table that defines the input glyph indices, a count of output glyph indices in the Substitute array (GlyphCount), and a list of the output glyph indices in the Substitute array (Substitute).

The Substitute array must contain the same number of glyph indices as the Coverage table. To locate the corresponding output glyph index in the Substitute array, this format uses the Coverage Index returned from the Coverage table.

Example 3 at the end of this chapter uses Format 2 to substitute vertically oriented glyphs for horizontally oriented glyphs.

SingleSubstFormat2 subtable: Specified output glyph indices

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 2
Offset	Coverage	Offset to Coverage table-from beginning of Substitution table
uint16	GlyphCount	Number of GlyphIDs in the Substitute array
GlyphID	Substitute [GlyphCount]	Array of substitute GlyphIDs-ordered by Coverage Index

LookupType 2: Multiple Substitution Subtable

A Multiple Substitution (MultipleSubst) subtable replaces a single glyph with more than one glyph, as when multiple glyphs replace a single ligature. The subtable has a single format: MultipleSubstFormat1. The subtable specifies a format identifier (SubstFormat), an offset to a Coverage table that defines the input glyph indices, a count of offsets in the Sequence array (SequenceCount), and an array of offsets to Sequence tables that define the output glyph indices (Sequence). The Sequence table offsets are ordered by the Coverage Index of the input glyphs.

For each input glyph listed in the Coverage table, a Sequence table defines the output glyphs. Each Sequence table contains a count of the glyphs in the output glyph sequence (GlyphCount) and an array of output glyph indices (Substitute).

Note: The order of the output glyph indices depends on the writing direction of the text. For text written left to right, the left-most glyph will be first glyph in the sequence. Conversely, for text written right to left, the right-most glyph will be first.

The use of multiple substitution for deletion of an input glyph is prohibited. GlyphCount should always be greater than 0.

Example 4 at the end of this chapter shows how to replace a single ligature with three glyphs.

MultipleSubstFormat1 subtable: Multiple output glyphs

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 1
Offset	Coverage	Offset to Coverage table-from beginning of Substitution table
uint16	SequenceCount	Number of Sequence table offsets in the Sequence array
Offset	Sequence [SequenceCount]	Array of offsets to Sequence tables-from beginning of Substitution table-ordered by Coverage Index

Sequence table

Type	Name	Description
uint16	GlyphCount	Number of GlyphIDs in the Substitute array. This should always be greater than 0.
GlyphID	Substitute [GlyphCount]	String of GlyphIDs to substitute

LookupType 3: Alternate Substitution Subtable

An Alternate Substitution (AlternateSubst) subtable identifies any number of aesthetic alternatives from which a user can choose a glyph variant to replace the input glyph. For example, if a font contains four variants of the ampersand symbol, the cmap table will specify the index of one of the four glyphs as the default glyph index, and an AlternateSubst subtable will list the indices of the other three glyphs as alternatives. A text-processing client would then have the option of replacing the default glyph with any of the three alternatives.

The subtable has one format: AlternateSubstFormat1. The subtable contains a format identifier (SubstFormat), an offset to a Coverage table containing the indices of glyphs with alternative forms (Coverage), a count of offsets to AlternateSet tables (AlternateSetCount), and an array of offsets to AlternateSet tables (AlternateSet).

For each glyph, an AlternateSet subtable contains a count of the alternative glyphs (GlyphCount) and an array of their glyph indices (Alternate). Because all the glyphs are functionally equivalent, they can be in any order in the array.

Example 5 at the end of this chapter shows how to replace the default ampersand glyph with alternative glyphs.

AlternateSubstFormat1 subtable: Alternative output glyphs

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 1
Offset	Coverage	Offset to Coverage table-from beginning of Substitution table
uint16	AlternateSetCount	Number of AlternateSet tables
Offset	AlternateSet [AlternateSetCount]	Array of offsets to AlternateSet tables-from beginning of Substitution table-ordered by Coverage Index

AlternateSet table

Type	Name	Description
uint16	GlyphCount	Number of GlyphIDs in the Alternate array
GlyphID	Alternate[GlyphCount]	Array of alternate GlyphIDs-in arbitrary order

LookupType 4: Ligature Substitution Subtable

A Ligature Substitution (LigatureSubst) subtable identifies ligature substitutions where a single glyph replaces multiple glyphs. One LigatureSubst subtable can specify any number of ligature substitutions.

The subtable uses a single format: LigatureSubstFormat1. It contains a format identifier (SubstFormat), a Coverage table offset (Coverage), a count of the ligature sets defined in this table (LigSetCount), and an array of offsets to LigatureSet tables (LigatureSet). The Coverage table specifies only the index of the first glyph component of each ligature set.

LigatureSubstFormat1 subtable: All ligature substitutions in a script

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 1
Offset	Coverage	Offset to Coverage table-from beginning of Substitution table
uint16	LigSetCount	Number of LigatureSet tables
Offset	LigatureSet [LigSetCount]	Array of offsets to LigatureSet tables-from beginning of Substitution table-ordered by Coverage Index

A LigatureSet table, one for each covered glyph, specifies all the ligature strings that begin with the covered glyph. For example, if the Coverage table lists the glyph index for a lowercase “f,” then a LigatureSet table will define the “ffl,” “fl,” “ffi,” “fi,” and “ff” ligatures. If the Coverage table also lists the glyph index for a lowercase “e,” then a different LigatureSet table will define the “etc” ligature.

A LigatureSet table consists of a count of the ligatures that begin with the covered glyph (LigatureCount) and an array of offsets to Ligature tables, which define the glyphs in each ligature (Ligature). The order in the Ligature offset array defines the preference for using the ligatures. For example, if the “ffl” ligature is preferable to the “ff” ligature, then the Ligature array would list the offset to the “ffl” Ligature table before the offset to the “ff” Ligature table.

LigatureSet table: All ligatures beginning with the same glyph

Type	Name	Description
uint16	LigatureCount	Number of Ligature tables
Offset	Ligature [LigatureCount]	Array of offsets to Ligature tables-from beginning of LigatureSet table-ordered by preference

For each ligature in the set, a Ligature table specifies the GlyphID of the output ligature glyph (LigGlyph); a count of the total number of component glyphs in the ligature, including the first component (CompCount); and an array of GlyphIDs for the components (Component). The array starts with the second component glyph (array index = 1) in the ligature because the first component glyph is specified in the Coverage table.

Note: The Component array lists GlyphIDs according to the writing direction of the text. For text written right to left, the right-most glyph will be first. Conversely, for text written left to right, the left-most glyph will be first.

Example 6 at the end of this chapter shows how to replace a string of glyphs with a single ligature.

Ligature table: Glyph components for one ligature

Type	Name	Description
GlyphID	LigGlyph	GlyphID of ligature to substitute
uint16	CompCount	Number of components in the ligature
GlyphID	Component [CompCount - 1]	Array of component GlyphIDs-start with the second component-ordered in writing direction

LookupType 5: Contextual Substitution Subtable

A Contextual Substitution (ContextSubst) subtable defines the most powerful type of glyph substitution lookup: it describes glyph substitutions in context that replace one or more glyphs within a certain pattern of glyphs.

ContextSubst subtables can be any of three formats that define a context in terms of a specific sequence of glyphs, glyph classes, or glyph sets. Each format can describe one or more input glyph sequences and one or more substitutions for each sequence.

All three formats of ContextSubst subtables specify substitution data in a SubstLookupRecord. A description of that record follows.

SubstLookupRecord

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SequenceIndex	Index into current glyph sequence-first glyph = 0
uint16	LookupListIndex	Lookup to apply to that position-zero-based

The SequenceIndex in a SubstLookupRecord must take into consideration the order in which lookups are applied to the entire glyph sequence. Because multiple substitutions may occur per context, the SequenceIndex and LookupListIndex refer to the glyph sequence after the text-processing client has applied any previous lookups. In other words, the SequenceIndex identifies the location for the substitution at the time that the lookup is to be applied. For example, consider an input glyph sequence of four glyphs. The first glyph does not have a substitute, but the middle two glyphs will be replaced with a ligature, and a single glyph will replace the fourth glyph:

• The first glyph is in position 0. No lookups will be applied at position 0, so no SubstLookupRecord is defined.
• The SubstLookupRecord defined for the ligature substitution specifies the SequenceIndex as position 1, which is the position of the first-glyph component in the ligature string. After the ligature replaces the glyphs in positions 1 and 2, however, the input glyph sequence consists of only three glyphs, not the original four.
• To replace the last glyph in the sequence, the SubstLookupRecord defines the SequenceIndex as position 2 instead of position 3. This position reflects the effect of the ligature substitution applied before this single substitution.

Note: This example assumes that the LookupList specifies the ligature substitution lookup before the single substitution lookup.

5.1 Context Substitution Format 1

Format 1 defines the context for a glyph substitution as a particular sequence of glyphs. For example, a context could be <xyz>, <holiday>, <!?*#@>, or any other glyph sequence.

Within a context sequence, Format 1 identifies particular glyph positions (not glyph indices) as the targets for specific substitutions. When a text-processing client locates a context in a string of text, it finds the lookup data for a targeted position and makes a substitution by applying the lookup data at that location.

For example, if a client is to replace the glyph string <abc> with its reverse glyph string <cba>, the input context is defined as the glyph sequence, <abc>, and the lookups defined for the context are (1) “a” to “c” and (2) “c” to “a”. When a client encounters the context <abc>, the lookups are performed in the order stored. First, “c” is substituted for “a” resulting in <cbc>. Second, “a” is substituted for the “c” that has not yet been touched, resulting in <cba>.

To specify a context, a Coverage table lists the first glyph in the sequence, and a SubRule table identifies the remaining glyphs. To describe the >abc< context used in the previous example, the Coverage table lists the glyph index of the first component of the sequence-the “a” glyph. A SubRule table defines indices for the “b” and “c” glyphs.

A single ContextSubstFormat1 subtable may define more than one context glyph sequence. If different context sequences begin with the same glyph, then the Coverage table should list the glyph only once because all glyphs in the table must be unique. For example, if three contexts each start with an “s” and two start with a “t,” then the Coverage table will list one “s” and one “t.”

For each context, a SubRule table lists all the glyphs that follow the first glyph. The table also contains an array of SubstLookupRecords that specify the substitution lookup data for each glyph position (including the first glyph position) in the context.

All of the SubRule tables defining contexts that begin with the same first glyph are grouped together and defined in a SubRuleSet table. For example, the SubRule tables that define the three contexts that begin with an “s” are grouped in one SubRuleSet table, and the SubRule tables that define the two contexts that begin with a “t” are grouped in a second SubRuleSet table. Each glyph listed in the Coverage table must have a SubRuleSet table defining all the SubRule tables that apply to a covered glyph.

To locate a context glyph sequence, the text-processing client searches the Coverage table each time it encounters a new text glyph. If the glyph is covered, the client reads the corresponding SubRuleSet table and examines each SubRule table in the set to determine whether the rest of the context matches the subsequent glyphs in the text. If the context and text string match, the client finds the target glyph positions, applies the lookups for those positions, and completes the substitutions.

A ContextSubstFormat1 subtable contains a format identifier (SubstFormat), an offset to a Coverage table (Coverage), a count of defined SubRuleSets (SubRuleSetCount), and an array of offsets to the SubRuleSet tables (SubRuleSet). As mentioned, one SubRuleSet table must be defined for each glyph listed in the Coverage table.

In the SubRuleSet array, the SubRuleSet table offsets are ordered in the Coverage Index order. The first SubRuleSet in the array applies to the first GlyphID listed in the Coverage table, the second SubRuleSet in the array applies to the second GlyphID listed in the Coverage table, and so on.

ContextSubstFormat1 subtable: Simple context glyph substitution

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 1
Offset	Coverage	Offset to Coverage table-from beginning of Substitution table
uint16	SubRuleSetCount	Number of SubRuleSet tables-must equal GlyphCount in Coverage table
Offset	SubRuleSet [SubRuleSetCount]	Array of offsets to SubRuleSet tables-from beginning of Substitution table-ordered by Coverage Index

A SubRuleSet table consists of an array of offsets to SubRule tables (SubRule), ordered by preference, and a count of the SubRule tables defined in the set (SubRuleCount). The order in the SubRule array can be critical. Consider two contexts, <abc> and <abcd>. If <abc> is first in the SubRule array, all instances of <abc> in the text-including all instances of <abcd>-will be changed. If <abcd> comes first in the array, however, only <abcd> sequences will be changed, without affecting any instances of <abc>.

SubRuleSet table: All contexts beginning with the same glyph

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubRuleCount	Number of SubRule tables
Offset	SubRule [SubRuleCount]	Array of offsets to SubRule tables-from beginning of SubRuleSet table-ordered by preference

A SubRule table consists of a count of the glyphs to be matched in the input context sequence (GlyphCount), including the first glyph in the sequence, and an array of glyph indices that describe the context (Input). The Coverage table specifies the index of the first glyph in the context, and the Input array begins with the second glyph (array index = 1) in the context sequence.

Note: The Input array lists the indices in the order the corresponding glyphs appear in the text. For text written from right to left, the right-most glyph will be first; conversely, for text written from left to right, the left-most glyph will be first.

A SubRule table also contains a count of the substitutions to be performed on the input glyph sequence (SubstCount) and an array of SubstitutionLookupRecords (SubstLookupRecord). Each record specifies a position in the input glyph sequence and a LookupListIndex to the substitution lookup that is applied at that position. The array should list records in design order, or the order the lookups should be applied to the entire glyph sequence.

SubRule table: One simple context definition

Type	Name	Description
uint16	GlyphCount	Total number of glyphs in input glyph sequence-includes the first glyph
uint16	SubstCount	Number of SubstLookupRecords
GlyphID	Input [GlyphCount - 1]	Array of input GlyphIDs-start with second glyph
struct	SubstLookupRecord [SubstCount]	Array of SubstLookupRecords-in design order

Example 7 at the end of the chapter shows how to use the ContextSubstFormat1 subtable to replace a sequence of three glyphs with a sequence preferred for the French language system.

5.2 Context Substitution Format 2

Format 2, a more flexible format than Format 1, describes class-based context substitution. For this format, a specific integer, called a class value, must be assigned to each glyph component in all context glyph sequences. Contexts are then defined as sequences of glyph class values. More than one context may be defined at a time.

For example, suppose that a swash capital glyph should replace each uppercase letter glyph that is preceded by a space glyph and followed by a lowercase letter glyph (a glyph sequence of space - uppercase - lowercase). The set of uppercase glyphs would constitute one glyph class (Class 1), the set of lowercase glyphs would constitute a second class (Class 2), and the space glyph would constitute a third class (Class 3). The input context might be specified with a context rule (called a SubClassRule) that describes “the set of glyph strings that form a sequence of three glyph classes, one glyph from Class 3, followed by one glyph from Class 1, followed by one glyph from Class 2.”

Each ContextSubstFormat2 subtable contains an offset to a class definition table (ClassDef), which defines the glyph class values of all input contexts. Generally, a unique ClassDef table will be declared in each instance of the ContextSubstFormat2 table that is included in a font, even though several Format 2 tables could share ClassDef tables. Class assignments are fixed (the same for each position in the context), and classes are exclusive (a glyph cannot be in more than one class at a time). The output glyphs that replace the glyphs in the context sequences do not need class values because they are specified elsewhere by GlyphID.

The ContextSubstFormat2 subtable also contains a format identifier (SubstFormat) and defines an offset to a Coverage table (Coverage). For this format, the Coverage table lists indices for the complete set of unique glyphs (not glyph classes) that may appear as the first glyph of any class-based context. In other words, the Coverage table contains the list of glyph indices for all the glyphs in all classes that may be first in any of the context class sequences. For example, if the contexts begin with a Class 1 or Class 2 glyph, then the Coverage table will list the indices of all Class 1 and Class 2 glyphs.

A ContextSubstFormat2 subtable also defines an array of offsets to the SubClassSet tables (SubClassSet) and a count of the SubClassSet tables (SubClassSetCnt). The array contains one offset for each class (including Class 0) in the ClassDef table. In the array, the class value defines an offset’s index position, and the SubClassSet offsets are ordered by ascending class value (from 0 to SubClassSetCnt - 1).

For example, the first SubClassSet listed in the array contains all contexts beginning with Class 0 glyphs, the second SubClassSet contains all contexts beginning with Class 1 glyphs, and so on. If no contexts begin with a particular class (that is, if a SubClassSet contains no SubClassRule tables), then the offset to that particular SubClassSet in the SubClassSet array will be set to NULL.

ContextSubstFormat2 subtable: Class-based context glyph substitution

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 2
Offset	Coverage	Offset to Coverage table-from beginning of Substitution table
Offset	ClassDef	Offset to glyph ClassDef table-from beginning of Substitution table
uint16	SubClassSetCnt	Number of SubClassSet tables
Offset	SubClassSet [SubClassSetCnt]	Array of offsets to SubClassSet tables-from beginning of Substitution table-ordered by class-may be NULL

Each context is defined in a SubClassRule table, and all SubClassRules that specify contexts beginning with the same class value are grouped in a SubClassSet table. Consequently, the SubClassSet containing a context identifies a context’s first class component.

Each SubClassSet table consists of a count of the SubClassRule tables defined in the SubClassSet (SubClassRuleCnt) and an array of offsets to SubClassRule tables (SubClassRule). The SubClassRule tables are ordered by preference in the SubClassRule array of the SubClassSet.

SubClassSet subtable

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubClassRuleCnt	Number of SubClassRule tables
Offset	SubClassRule [SubClassRuleCount]	Array of offsets to SubClassRule tables-from beginning of SubClassSet-ordered by preference

For each context, a SubClassRule table contains a count of the glyph classes in the context sequence (GlyphCount), including the first class. A Class array lists the classes, beginning with the second class (array index = 1), that follow the first class in the context.

Note: Text order depends on the writing direction of the text. For text written from right to left, the right-most class will be first. Conversely, for text written from left to right, the left-most class will be first.

The values specified in the Class array are the values defined in the ClassDef table. For example, a context consisting of the sequence “Class 2, Class 7, Class 5, Class 0” will produce a Class array of 7,5,0. The first class in the sequence, Class 2, is identified in the ContextSubstFormat2 table by the SubClassSet array index of the corresponding SubClassSet.

A SubClassRule also contains a count of the substitutions to be performed on the context (SubstCount) and an array of SubstLookupRecords (SubstLookupRecord) that supply the substitution data. For each position in the context that requires a substitution, a SubstLookupRecord specifies a LookupList index and a position in the input glyph sequence where the lookup is applied. The SubstLookupRecord array lists SubstLookupRecords in design order-that is, the order in which lookups should be applied to the entire glyph sequence.

SubClassRule table: Context definition for one class

Type	Name	Description
uint16	GlyphCount	Total number of classes specified for the context in the rule-includes the first class
uint16	SubstCount	Number of SubstLookupRecords
uint16	Class [GlyphCount - 1]	Array of classes-beginning with the second class-to be matched to the input glyph class sequence
struct	SubstLookupRecord [SubstCount]	Array of Substitution lookups-in design order

Example 8 at the end of this chapter uses Format 2 to substitute Arabic mark glyphs for base glyphs of different heights.

5.3 Context Substitution Format 3

Format 3, coverage-based context substitution, defines a context rule as a sequence of coverage tables. Each position in the sequence may define a different Coverage table for the set of glyphs that matches the context pattern. With Format 3, the glyph sets defined in the different Coverage tables may intersect, unlike Format 2 which specifies fixed class assignments (identical for each position in the context sequence) and exclusive classes (a glyph cannot be in more than one class at a time).

For example, consider an input context that contains a lowercase glyph (position 0), followed by an uppercase glyph (position 1), either a lowercase or numeral glyph (position 2), and then either a lowercase or uppercase vowel (position 3). This context requires four Coverage tables, one for each position:

• In position 0, the Coverage table lists the set of lowercase glyphs.
• In position 1, the Coverage table lists the set of uppercase glyphs.
• In position 2, the Coverage table lists the set of lowercase and numeral glyphs, a superset of the glyphs defined in the Coverage table for position 0.
• In position 3, the Coverage table lists the set of lowercase and uppercase vowels, a subset of the glyphs defined in the Coverage tables for both positions 0 and 1.

Unlike Formats 1 and 2, this format defines only one context rule at a time. It consists of a format identifier (SubstFormat), a count of the glyphs in the sequence to be matched (GlyphCount), and an array of Coverage offsets that describe the input context sequence (Coverage).

Note: The order of the Coverage tables listed in the Coverage array must follow the writing direction. For text written from right to left, then the right-most glyph will be first. Conversely, for text written from left to right, the left-most glyph will be first.

The subtable also contains a count of the substitutions to be performed on the input Coverage sequence (SubstCount) and an array of SubstLookupRecords (SubstLookupRecord) in design order-that is, the order in which lookups should be applied to the entire glyph sequence.

Example 9 at the end of this chapter substitutes swash glyphs for two out of three glyphs in a sequence.

ContextSubstFormat3 subtable: Coverage-based context glyph substitution

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 3
uint16	GlyphCount	Number of glyphs in the input glyph sequence
uint16	SubstCount	Number of SubstLookupRecords
Offset	Coverage[GlyphCount]	Array of offsets to Coverage table-from beginning of Substitution table-in glyph sequence order
struct	SubstLookupRecord [SubstCount]	Array of SubstLookupRecords-in design order

LookupType 6: Chaining Contextual Substitution Subtable

A Chaining Contextual Substitution subtable (ChainContextSubst) describes glyph substitutions in context with an ability to look back and/or look ahead in the sequence of glyphs. The design of the Chaining Contextual Substitution subtable is parallel to that of the Contextual Substitution subtable, including the availability of three formats for handling sequences of glyphs, glyph classes, or glyph sets. Each format can describe one or more backtrack, input, and lookahead sequences and one or more substitutions for each sequence.

6.1 Chaining Context Substitution Format 1: Simple Chaining Context Glyph Substitution

Format 1 defines the context for a glyph substitution as a particular sequence of glyphs. For example, a context could be <xyz>, <holiday>, <!?*#@>, or any other glyph sequence.

Within a context sequence, Format 1 identifies particular glyph positions (not glyph indices) as the targets for specific substitutions. When a text-processing client locates a context in a string of text, it finds the lookup data for a targeted position and makes a substitution by applying the lookup data at that location.

To specify the context, the coverage table lists the first glyph in the input sequence, and the ChainSubRule subtable defines the rest. Once a covered glyph is found at position i, the client reads the corresponding ChainSubRuleSet table and examines each table to determine if it matches the surrounding glyphs in the text. In the simplest of cases, there is a match if the string <backtrack sequence>+<input sequence>+<lookahead sequence> matches with the glyphs at position i - BacktrackGlyphCount in the text. LookupFlag values affect backtrack/lookahead sequences.

To clarify the ordering of glyph arrays for input, backtrack and lookahead sequences, the following illustration is provided. Input sequence match begins at i where the input sequence match begins. The backtrack sequence is ordered beginning at i - 1 and increases in offset value as one moves away from i. The lookahead sequence begins after the input sequence and increases in logical order.

Logical order -	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j
					i
Input sequence -					0	1
Backtrack sequence -	3	2	1	0
Lookahead sequence -							0	1	2	3

If there is a match, then the client finds the target glyph positions for substitutions and completes the substitutions. Please note that (just like in the ContextSubstFormat1 subtable) these lookups are required to operate within the range of text from the covered glyph to the end of the input sequence. No substitutions can be defined for the backtracking sequence or the lookahead sequence.

Once the substitutions are complete, the client should move to the glyph position immediately following the matched input sequence and resume the lookup process from there.

A single ChainContextSubstFormat1 subtable may define more than one context glyph sequence. If different context sequences begin with the same glyph, then the Coverage table should list the glyph only once because all glyphs in the table must be unique. For example, if three contexts each start with an “s” and two start with a “t,” then the Coverage table will list one “s” and one “t.”

All of the ChainSubRule tables defining contexts that begin with the same first glyph are grouped together and defined in a ChainSubRuleSet table. For example, the ChainSubRule tables that define the three contexts that begin with an “s” are grouped in one ChainSubRuleSet table, and the ChainSubRule tables that define the two contexts that begin with a “t” are grouped in a second ChainSubRuleSet table. Each glyph listed in the Coverage table must have a ChainSubRuleSet table defining all the ChainSubRule tables that apply to a covered glyph.

A ChainContextSubstFormat1 subtable contains a format identifier (SubstFormat), an offset to a Coverage table (Coverage), a count of defined ChainSubRuleSets (ChainSubRuleSetCount), and an array of offsets to the ChainSubRuleSet tables (ChainSubRuleSet). As mentioned, one ChainSubRuleSet table must be defined for each glyph listed in the Coverage table.

In the ChainSubRuleSet array, the ChainSubRuleSet table offsets are ordered in the Coverage Index order. The first ChainSubRuleSet in the array applies to the first GlyphID listed in the Coverage table, the second ChainSubRuleSet in the array applies to the second GlyphID listed in the Coverage table, and so on.

ChainContextSubstFormat1 subtable: Simple context glyph substitution

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 1
Offset	Coverage	Offset to Coverage table-from beginning of Substitution table
uint16	ChainSubRuleSetCount	Number of ChainSubRuleSet tables-must equal GlyphCount in Coverage table
Offset	ChainSubRuleSet [ChainSubRuleSetCount]	Array of offsets to ChainSubRuleSet tables-from beginning of Substitution table-ordered by Coverage Index

A ChainSubRuleSet table consists of an array of offsets to ChainSubRule tables (ChainSubRule), ordered by preference, and a count of the ChainSubRule tables defined in the set (ChainSubRuleCount).

The order in the ChainSubRule array can be critical. Consider two contexts, <abc> and <abcd>. If <abc> is first in the ChainSubRule array, all instances of <abc> in the text-including all instances of <abcd>-will be changed. If <abcd> comes first in the array, however, only <abcd> sequences will be changed, without affecting any instances of <abc>.

ChainSubRuleSet table: All contexts beginning with the same glyph

Type	Name	Description
uint16	ChainSubRuleCount	Number of ChainSubRule tables
Offset	ChainSubRule [ChainSubRuleCount]	Array of offsets to ChainSubRule tables-from beginning of ChainSubRuleSet table-ordered by preference

A ChainSubRule table consists of a count of the glyphs to be matched in the backtrack, input, and lookahead context sequences, including the first glyph in each sequence, and an array of glyph indices that describe each portion of the contexts. The Coverage table specifies the index of the first glyph in each context, and each array begins with the second glyph (array index = 1) in the context sequence.

Note: All arrays list the indices in the order the corresponding glyphs appear in the text. For text written from right to left, the right-most glyph will be first; conversely, for text written from left to right, the left-most glyph will be first.

A ChainSubRule table also contains a count of the substitutions to be performed on the input glyph sequence (SubstCount) and an array of SubstitutionLookupRecords (SubstLookupRecord). Each record specifies a position in the input glyph sequence and a LookupListIndex to the substitution lookup that is applied at that position. The array should list records in design order, or the order the lookups should be applied to the entire glyph sequence.

ChainSubRule subtable

Type	Name	Description
uint16	BacktrackGlyphCount	Total number of glyphs in the backtrack sequence (number of glyphs to be matched before the first glyph)
GlyphID	Backtrack [BacktrackGlyphCount]	Array of backtracking GlyphID’s (to be matched before the input sequence)
uint16	InputGlyphCount	Total number of glyphs in the input sequence (includes the first glyph)
GlyphID	Input [InputGlyphCount - 1]	Array of input GlyphIDs (start with second glyph)
uint16	LookaheadGlyphCount	Total number of glyphs in the look ahead sequence (number of glyphs to be matched after the input sequence)
GlyphID	LookAhead [LookAheadGlyphCount]	Array of lookahead GlyphID’s (to be matched after the input sequence)
uint16	SubstCount	Number of SubstLookupRecords
struct	SubstLookupRecord [SubstCount]	Array of SubstLookupRecords (in design order)

6.2 Chaining Context Substitution Format 2: Class-based Chaining Context Glyph Substitution

Format 2 describes class-based chaining context substitution. For this format, a specific integer, called a class value, must be assigned to each glyph component in all context glyph sequences. Contexts are then defined as sequences of glyph class values. More than one context may be defined at a time.

To chain contexts, three classes are used in the glyph ClassDef table: Backtrack ClassDef, Input ClassDef, and Lookahead ClassDef.

The ChainContextSubstFormat2 subtable also contains a format identifier (SubstFormat) and defines an offset to a Coverage table (Coverage). For this format, the Coverage table lists indices for the complete set of unique glyphs (not glyph classes) that may appear as the first glyph of any class-based context. In other words, the Coverage table contains the list of glyph indices for all the glyphs in all classes that may be first in any of the context class sequences. For example, if the contexts begin with a Class 1 or Class 2 glyph, then the Coverage table will list the indices of all Class 1 and Class 2 glyphs.

A ChainContextSubstFormat2 subtable also defines an array of offsets to the ChainSubClassSet tables (ChainSubClassSet) and a count of the ChainSubClassSet tables (ChainSubClassSetCnt). The array contains one offset for each class (including Class 0) in the ClassDef table. In the array, the class value defines an offset’s index position, and the ChainSubClassSet offsets are ordered by ascending class value (from 0 to ChainSubClassSetCnt - 1).

If no contexts begin with a particular class (that is, if a ChainSubClassSet contains no ChainSubClassRule tables), then the offset to that particular ChainSubClassSet in the ChainSubClassSet array will be set to NULL.

ChainContextSubstFormat2 subtable: Class-based chaining context glyph substitution

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 2
Offset	Coverage	Offset to Coverage table-from beginning of Substitution table
Offset	BacktrackClassDef	Offset to glyph ClassDef table containing backtrack sequence data-from beginning of Substitution table
Offset	InputClassDef	Offset to glyph ClassDef table containing input sequence data-from beginning of Substitution table
Offset	LookaheadClassDef	Offset to glyph ClassDef table containing lookahead sequence data-from beginning of Substitution table
uint16	ChainSubClassSetCnt	Number of ChainSubClassSet tables
Offset	ChainSubClassSet [ChainSubClassSetCnt]	Array of offsets to ChainSubClassSet tables-from beginning of Substitution table-ordered by input class-may be NULL

Each context is defined in a ChainSubClassRule table, and all ChainSubClassRules that specify contexts beginning with the same class value are grouped in a ChainSubClassSet table. Consequently, the ChainSubClassSet containing a context identifies a context’s first class component.

Each ChainSubClassSet table consists of a count of the ChainSubClassRule tables defined in the ChainSubClassSet (ChainSubClassRuleCnt) and an array of offsets to ChainSubClassRule tables (ChainSubClassRule). The ChainSubClassRule tables are ordered by preference in the ChainSubClassRule array of the ChainSubClassSet.

ChainSubClassSet subtable

Type	Name	Description
uint16	ChainSubClassRuleCnt	Number of ChainSubClassRule tables
Offset	ChainSubClassRule [ChainSubClassRuleCount]	Array of offsets to ChainSubClassRule tables-from beginning of ChainSubClassSet-ordered by preference

For each context, a ChainSubClassRule table contains a count of the glyph classes in the context sequence (GlyphCount), including the first class. A Class array lists the classes, beginning with the second class (array index = 1), that follow the first class in the context.

Note: Text order depends on the writing direction of the text. For text written from right to left, the right-most class will be first. Conversely, for text written from left to right, the left-most class will be first.

The values specified in the Class array are the values defined in the ClassDef table. The first class in the sequence, Class 2, is identified in the ChainContextSubstFormat2 table by the ChainSubClassSet array index of the corresponding ChainSubClassSet.

A ChainSubClassRule also contains a count of the substitutions to be performed on the context (SubstCount) and an array of SubstLookupRecords (SubstLookupRecord) that supply the substitution data. For each position in the context that requires a substitution, a SubstLookupRecord specifies a LookupList index and a position in the input glyph sequence where the lookup is applied. The SubstLookupRecord array lists SubstLookupRecords in design order-that is, the order in which lookups should be applied to the entire glyph sequence.

ChainSubClassRule table: Chaining context definition for one class

Type	Name	Description
uint16	BacktrackGlyphCount	Total number of glyphs in the backtrack sequence (number of glyphs to be matched before the first glyph)
uint16	Backtrack [BacktrackGlyphCount]	Array of backtracking classes(to be matched before the input sequence)
uint16	InputGlyphCount	Total number of classes in the input sequence (includes the first class)
uint16	Input [InputGlyphCount - 1]	Array of input classes(start with second class; to be matched with the input glyph sequence)
uint16	LookaheadGlyphCount	Total number of classes in the look ahead sequence (number of classes to be matched after the input sequence)
uint16	LookAhead [LookAheadGlyphCount]	Array of lookahead classes(to be matched after the input sequence)
uint16	SubstCount	Number of SubstLookupRecords
struct	SubstLookupRecord [SubstCount]	Array of SubstLookupRecords (in design order)

6.3 Chaining Context Substitution Format 3: Coverage-based Chaining Context Glyph Substitution

Format 3 defines a chaining context rule as a sequence of Coverage tables. Each position in the sequence may define a different Coverage table for the set of glyphs that matches the context pattern. With Format 3, the glyph sets defined in the different Coverage tables may intersect, unlike Format 2 which specifies fixed class assignments (identical for each position in the backtrack, input, or lookahead sequence) and exclusive classes (a glyph cannot be in more than one class at a time).

Note: The order of the Coverage tables listed in the Coverage array must follow the writing direction. For text written from right to left, then the right-most glyph will be first. Conversely, for text written from left to right, the left-most glyph will be first.

The subtable also contains a count of the substitutions to be performed on the input Coverage sequence (SubstCount) and an array of SubstLookupRecords (SubstLookupRecord) in design order: that is, the order in which lookups should be applied to the entire glyph sequence. (SubstLookupRecords are described next.)

ChainContextSubstFormat3 subtable: Coverage-based chaining context glyph substitution

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 3
uint16	BacktrackGlyphCount	Number of glyphs in the backtracking sequence
Offset	Coverage[BacktrackGlyphCount]	Array of offsets to coverage tables in backtracking sequence, in glyph sequence order
uint16	InputGlyphCount	Number of glyphs in input sequence
Offset	Coverage[InputGlyphCount]	Array of offsets to coverage tables in input sequence, in glyph sequence order
uint16	LookaheadGlyphCount	Number of glyphs in lookahead sequence
Offset	Coverage[LookaheadGlyphCount]	Array of offsets to coverage tables in lookahead sequence, in glyph sequence order
uint16	SubstCount	Number of SubstLookupRecords
struct	SubstLookupRecord [SubstCount]	Array of SubstLookupRecords, in design order

LookupType 7: Extension Substitution

This lookup provides a mechanism whereby any other lookup type’s subtables are stored at a 32-bit offset location in the 'GSUB' table. This is needed if the total size of the subtables exceeds the 16-bit limits of the various other offsets in the 'GSUB' table. In this specification, the subtable stored at the 32-bit offset location is termed the “extension” subtable.

ExtensionSubstFormat1 subtable

Type	Name	Description
USHORT	SubstFormat	Format identifier. Set to 1.
USHORT	ExtensionLookupType	Lookup type of subtable referenced by ExtensionOffset (i.e. the extension subtable).
ULONG	ExtensionOffset	Offset to the extension subtable, of lookup type ExtensionLookupType, relative to the start of the ExtensionSubstFormat1 subtable.

ExtensionLookupType must be set to any lookup type other than 7. All subtables in a LookupType 7 lookup must have the same ExtensionLookupType. All offsets in the extension subtables are set in the usual way, i.e. relative to the extension subtables themselves.

When an OpenType layout engine encounters a LookupType 7 Lookup table, it shall:

• Proceed as though the Lookup table’s LookupType field were set to the ExtensionLookupType of the subtables.
• Proceed as though each extension subtable referenced by ExtensionOffset replaced the LookupType 7 subtable that referenced it.

Substitution Lookup Record

All contextual substitution subtables specify the substitution data in a Substitution Lookup Record (SubstLookupRecord). Each record contains a SequenceIndex, which indicates the position where the substitution will occur in the glyph sequence. In addition, a LookupListIndex identifies the lookup to be applied at the glyph position specified by the SequenceIndex.

The contextual substitution subtables defined in Examples 7, 8, and 9 at the end of this chapter show SubstLookupRecords.

LookupType 8: Reverse Chaining Contextual Single Substitution Subtable

Reverse Chaining Contextual Single Substitution  subtable (ReverseChainSingleSubst) describes single glyph substitutions in context with an ability to look back and/or look ahead in the sequence of glyphs. The major difference between this and other lookup types is that processing of input glyph sequence goes from end to start. Comparing to Chaining Contextual Sustitution this format is restricted to only coverage based subtable format, input sequence could contain only single glyph and only single substitution allowed on this glyph. This substitution rule is integrated into subtable format.

This lookup type is designed specifically for the Arabic script writing styles, like nastaliq, where the shape of the glyph is determined by the following glyph, beginning at the last glyph of the “joor”, or set of connected glyphs. An example of this lookup type is defined in Example 10 at the end of this chapter.

8.1 Reverse Chaining Contextual Single Substitution Format 1: Coverage Based Reverse Chaining Contextual Single Glyph Substitution.

Format 1 defines a chaining context rule as a sequence of Coverage tables. Each position in the sequence may define a different Coverage table for the set of glyphs that matches the context pattern. With Format 1, the glyph sets defined in the different Coverage tables may intersect.

Note: Despite reverse order processing, the order of the Coverage tables listed in the Coverage array must be in logical order (follow the writing direction). The backtrack sequence is as illustrated in the LookupType 6: Chaining Contextual Substitution subtable. The input sequence is one glyph located at i in the logical string. The backtrack begins at i - 1 and increases in offset value as one moves toward the logical beginning of the string. The lookahead sequence begins at i + 1 and increases in offset value as one moves toward the logical end of the string. In the reverse chaining process i began at the logical end of the string and moves to the beginning.

The subtable contains Coverage table for input glyph and Coverage table arrays for lookahead and backtrack sequences, also count of output glyph indices in the Substitute array (GlyphCount), and a list of the output glyph indices (Substitute array). The Substitute array must contain the same number of glyph indices as the Coverage table. To locate the corresponding output glyph index in the Substitute array, this format uses the Coverage Index returned from the Coverage table.

ReverseChainSingleSubstFormat1 subtable: Coverage-based Reverse Chaining Contextual Single Glyph substitution .

Type	Name	Description
uint16	SubstFormat	Format identifier-format = 1
Offset	Coverage	Offset to Coverage table - from beginning of Substitution table
uint16	BacktrackGlyphCount	Number of glyphs in the backtracking sequence
Offset	Coverage[BacktrackGlyphCount]	Array of offsets to coverage tables in backtracking sequence, in glyph sequence order
uint16	LookaheadGlyphCount	Number of glyphs in lookahead sequence
Offset	Coverage[LookaheadGlyphCount]	Array of offsets to coverage tables in lookahead sequence, in glyph sequence order
uint16	GlyphCount	Number of GlyphIDs in the Substitute array
GlyphID	Substitute[GlyphCount]	Array of substitute GlyphIDs-ordered by Coverage Index

GSUB Subtable Examples

The rest of this chapter describes and illustrates examples of all the GSUB subtables, including each of the three formats available for contextual substitutions. All the examples reflect unique parameters described below, but the samples provide a useful reference for building subtables specific to other situations.

All the examples have three columns showing hex data, source, and comments.

Example 1: GSUB Header Table

Example 1 shows a typical GSUB Header table definition.

Example 1

Hex Data	Source	Comments
	GSUBHeader TheGSUBHeader	GSUBHeader table definition
00010000	0x00010000	version
000A	TheScriptList	offset to ScriptList table
001E	TheFeatureList	offset to FeatureList table
002C	TheLookupList	offset to LookupList table

Example 2: SingleSubstFormat1 Subtable

Example 2 illustrates the SingleSubstFormat1 subtable , which uses ranges to replace single input glyphs with their corresponding output glyphs. The indices of the output glyphs are calculated by adding a constant delta value to the indices of the input glyphs. In this example, the Coverage table has a format identifier of 1 to indicate the range format, which is used because the input glyph indices are in consecutive order in the font. The Coverage table specifies one range that contains a StartGlyphID for the “0” (zero) glyph and an EndGlyphID for the “9” glyph.

Example 2

Hex Data	Source	Comments
	SingleSubstFormat1 LiningNumeralSubtable	SingleSubst subtable definition
0001	1	SubstFormat, ranges
0006	LiningNumeralCoverage	offset to Coverage table for input glyphs
00C0	192	DeltaGlyphID = 192, add to each input glyph index to produce output glyph index
	CoverageFormat2 LiningNumeralCoverage	Coverage table definition
0002	2	CoverageFormat, ranges
	1	RangeCount RangeRecord[0]
004E	78	Start GlyphID for numeral zero glyph
0058	87	End GlyphID for numeral nine glyph
0000	0	StartCoverageIndex first CoverageIndex = 0

Example 3: SingleSubstFormat2 Subtable

Example 3 uses the SingleSubstFormat2 subtable for lists to substitute punctuation glyphs in Japanese text that is written vertically. Horizontally oriented parentheses and square brackets (the input glyphs) are replaced with vertically oriented parentheses and square brackets (the output glyphs).

The Coverage table, Format 1, identifies each input glyph index. The number of input glyph indices listed in the Coverage table matches the number of output glyph indices listed in the subtable. For correct substitution, the order of the glyph indices in the Coverage table (input glyphs) must match the order in the Substitute array (output glyphs).

Example 3

Hex Data	Source	Comments
	SingleSubstFormat2 VerticalPunctuationSubtable	SingleSubst subtable definition
0002	2	SubstFormat lists
000E	VerticalPunctuationCoverage	offset to Coverage table
0004	4	GlyphCount, equals GlyphCount in Coverage table
0131	VerticalOpenBracketGlyph	Substitute[0], ordered by Coverage Index
0135	VerticalClosedBracketGlyph	Substitute[1]
013E	VerticalOpenParenthesisGlyph	Substitute[2]
0143	VerticalClosedParenthesisGlyph	Substitute[3]
	CoverageFormat1 VerticalPunctuationCoverage	Coverage table definition
0001	1	CoverageFormat lists
0004	4	GlyphCount
003C	HorizontalOpenBracketGlyph	GlyphArray[0], ordered by GlyphID
0040	HorizontalClosedBracketGlyph	GlyphArray[1]
004B	HorizontalOpenParenthesisGlyph	GlyphArray[2]
004F	HorizontalClosedParenthesisGlyph	GlyphArray[3]

Example 4: MultipleSubstFormat1 Subtable

Example 4 uses a MultipleSubstFormat1 subtable to replace a single “ffi” ligature with three individual glyphs that form the string <ffi>. The subtable defines a format identifier of 1, an offset to a Coverage table that specifies the glyph index of the “ffi” ligature (the input glyph), an offset to a Sequence table that specifies the sequence of glyph indices for the <ffi> string in its substitute array (the output glyph sequence), and a count of Sequence table offsets.

Example 4

Hex Data	Source	Comments
	MultipleSubstFormat1 FfiDecompSubtable	MultipleSubst subtable definition
0001	1	SubstFormat
0008	FfiDecompCoverage	offset to Coverage table
0001	1	SequenceCount, equals GlyphCount in Coverage table
000E	FfiDecompSequence	offset to Sequence[0] table
	CoverageFormat1 FfiDecompCoverage	Coverage table definition
0001	1	CoverageFormat lists
0001	1	GlyphCount
00F1	ffiGlyphID	ligature glyph
	Sequence FfiDecompSequence	Sequence table definition
0003	3	GlyphCount
001A	fGlyphID	first glyph in sequence order
001A	fGlyphID	second glyph
001D	iGlyphID	third glyph

Example 5: AlternateSubstFormat 1 Subtable

Example 5 uses the AlternateSubstFormat1 subtable to replace the default ampersand glyph (input glyph) with one of two alternative ampersand glyphs (output glyph).

In this case, the Coverage table specifies the index of a single glyph, the default ampersand, because it is the only glyph covered by this lookup. The AlternateSet table for this covered glyph identifies the alternative glyphs: AltAmpersand1GlyphID and AltAmpersand2GlyphID.

In Example 5, the index position of the AlternateSet table offset in the AlternateSet array is zero (0), which correlates with the index position (also zero) of the default ampersand glyph in the Coverage table.

Example 5

Hex Data	Source	Comments
	AlternateSubstFormat1 AltAmpersandSubtable	AlternateSubstFormat1 subtable definition
0001	1	SubstFormat
0008	AltAmpersandCoverage	offset to Coverage table
0001	1	AlternateSetCnt, equals GlyphCount in Coverage table
000E	AltAmpersandSet	offset to AlternateSet[0] table
	CoverageFormat1 AltAmpersandCoverage	Coverage table definition
0001	1	CoverageFormat
0001	1	GlyphCount
003A	DefaultAmpersandGlyphID	GlyphArray[0]
	AlternateSet AltAmpersandSet	AlternateSet table definition
0002	2	GlyphCount
00C9	AltAmpersand1GlyphID	offset to Alternate[0], in arbitrary order
00CA	AltAmpersand2GlyphID	offset to Alternate[1]

Example 6: LigatureSubstFormat1 Subtable

Example 6 shows a LigatureSubstFormat1 subtable that defines data to replace a string of glyphs with a single ligature glyph. Because a LigatureSubstFormat1 subtable can specify glyph substitutions for more than one ligature, this subtable defines three ligatures: “etc,” “ffi,” and “fi.”

The sample subtable contains a format identifier (4) and an offset to a Coverage table. The Coverage table, which lists an index for each first glyph in the ligatures, lists indices for the “e” and “f” glyphs. The Coverage table range format is used here because the “e” and “f” glyph indices are numbered consecutively.

In the LigatureSubst subtable, LigSetCount specifies two LigatureSet tables, one for each covered glyph, and the LigatureSet array stores offsets to them. In this array, the “e” LigatureSet precedes the “f” LigatureSet, matching the order of the corresponding first-glyph components in the Coverage table.

Each LigatureSet table identifies all ligatures that begin with a covered glyph. The sample LigatureSet table defined for the “e” glyph contains only one ligature, “etc.” A LigatureSet table defined for the “f” glyph contains two ligatures, “ffi” and “fi.”

The sample FLigaturesSet table has offsets to two Ligature tables, one for “ffi” and one for “fi.” The Ligature array lists the “ffi” Ligature table first to indicate that the “ffi” ligature is preferred to the “fi” ligature.

Example 6

Hex Data	Source	Comments
	LigatureSubstFormat1 LigaturesSubtable	LigatureSubstFormat1 subtable definition
0001	1	SubstFormat
000A	LigaturesCoverage	offset to Coverage table
0002	2	LigSetCount
0014	ELigaturesSet	offset to LigatureSet[0] table in Coverage Index order
0020	FLigaturesSet	offset to LigatureSet[1] table
	CoverageFormat2 LigaturesCoverage	Coverage table definition
0002	2	CoverageFormat, ranges
0001	1	RangeCount RangeRecord[0]
0019	eGlyphID	Start, first GlyphID
001A	fGlyphID	End, last GlyphID in range
0000	0	StartCoverageIndex, coverage index of start glyphID
	LigatureSet ELigaturesSet	LigatureSet table definition all ligatures that start with e
0001	1	LigatureCount
0004	etcLigature	offset to Ligature[0] table
	Ligature etcLigature	Ligature table definition
015B	etcGlyphID	LigGlyph, output GlyphID
0003	3	CompCount number of components
0028	tGlyphID	Component[1], second component in ligature
0017	cGlyphID	Component[2], third component in ligature
	LigatureSet FLigaturesSet	LigatureSet table definition all ligatures start with f
0002	2	LigatureCount
0006	ffiLigature	offset to Ligature[0] table, listed first because ffi ligature is preferred to fi ligature
000E	fiLigature	offset to Ligature[1] table
	Ligature ffiLigature	Ligature table definition
00F1	ffiGlyphID	LigGlyph, output GlyphID
0003	3	CompCount
001A	fGlyphID	Component[1], second component in ligature
001D	iGlyphID	Component[2], third component in ligature
	Ligature fiLigature	Ligature table definition
00F0	fiGlyphID	LigGlyph, output GlyphID
0002	2	CompCount
001D	iGlyphID	Component[1] second component in ligature

Example 7: ContextSubstFormat1 Subtable and SubstLookupRecord

Example 7 uses a ContextSubstFormat1 subtable for glyph sequences to replace a string of three glyphs with another string. For the French language system, the subtable defines a contextual substitution that replaces the input sequence, space-dash-space, with the output sequence, thin space-dash-thin space.

The contextual substitution, called Dash Lookup in this example, contains one ContextSubstFormat1 subtable called the DashSubtable. The subtable specifies two contexts: a SpaceGlyph followed by a DashGlyph, and a DashGlyph followed by a SpaceGlyph. In each sequence, a single substitution replaces the SpaceGlyph with a ThinSpaceGlyph.

The Coverage table, labeled DashCoverage, lists two GlyphIDs for the first glyphs in the SpaceGlyph and DashGlyph sequences. One SubRuleSet table is defined for each covered glyph.

SpaceAndDashSubRuleSet lists all the contexts that begin with a SpaceGlyph. It contains an offset to one SubRule table (SpaceAndDashSubRule), which specifies two glyphs in the context sequence, the second of which is a DashGlyph. The SubRule table contains an offset to a SubstLookupRecord that lists the position in the sequence where the glyph substitution should occur (position 0) and the index of the SpaceToThinSpaceLookup applied there to replace the SpaceGlyph with a ThinSpaceGlyph. DashAndSpaceSubRuleSet lists all the contexts that begin with a DashGlyph. An offset to a SubRule table (DashAndSpaceSubRule) specifies two glyphs in the context sequence, and the second one is a SpaceGlyph. The SubRule table contains an offset to a SubstLookupRecord, which lists the position in the sequence where the glyph substitution should occur, and an index to the same lookup used in the SpaceAndDashSubRule. The lookup replaces the SpaceGlyph with a ThinSpaceGlyph.

Example 7

Hex Data	Source	Comments
	ContextSubstFormat1 DashSubtable	ContextSubstFormat1 subtable definition for Lookup[0], DashLookup
0001	1	SubstFormat
000A	DashCoverage	offset to Coverage table
0002	2	SubRuleSetCount
0012	SpaceAndDashSubRuleSet	offset to SubRuleSet[0], ordered by Coverage Index
0020	DashAndSpaceSubRuleSet	offset to SubRuleSet[1]
	CoverageFormat1 DashCoverage	Coverage table definition
0001	1	CoverageFormat lists
0002	2	GlyphCount
0028	SpaceGlyph	GlyphArray[0], in numeric order
005D	DashGlyph	GlyphArray[1], dash GlyphID
	SubRuleSet SpaceAndDashSubRuleSet	SubRuleSet[0] table definition
0001	1	SubRuleCount
0004	SpaceAndDashSubRule	offset to SubRule[0], ordered by preference
	SubRule SpaceAndDashSubRule	SubRule[0] table definition
0002	2	GlyphCount number in input sequence
0001	1	SubstCount
005D	DashGlyph	Input[1], starting with second glyph SpaceGlyph in Coverage table is first glyph SubstLookupRecord[0]
0000	0	SequenceIndex substitution at first glyph position (0)
0001	1	LookupListIndex index for SpaceToThinSpaceLookup in LookupList
	SubRuleSet DashAndSpaceSubRuleSet	SubRuleSet[0] table definition
0001	1	SubRuleCount
0004	DashAndSpaceSubRule	offset to SubRule[0], ordered by preference
	SubRule DashAndSpaceSubRule	SubRule[0] table definition
0002	2	GlyphCount number in the input glyph sequence
0001	1	SubstCount
0028	SpaceGlyph	Input[1], starting with second glyph SubstLookupRecord definition
0001	1	SequenceIndex substitution at second glyph position(1)
0001	1	LookupListIndex for SpaceToThinSpaceLookup

Example 8: ContextSubstFormat2 Subtable

Example 8 uses a ContextSubstFormat2 subtable with glyph classes to replace default mark glyphs with their alternative forms. Glyph alternatives are selected depending upon the height of the base glyph that they combine with-that is, the mark glyph used above a high base glyph differs from the mark glyph above a very high base glyph.

In the example, SetMarksHighSubtable contains a Class table that defines four glyph classes: medium-height glyphs (Class 0), all default mark glyphs (Class 1), high glyphs (Class 2), and very high glyphs (Class 3). The subtable also contains a Coverage table that lists each base glyph that functions as a first component in a context, ordered by glyph index.

Two SubClassSets are defined, one for substituting high marks and one for very high marks. No SubClassSets are specified for Class 0 and Class 1 glyphs because no contexts begin with glyphs from these classes. The SubClassSet array lists SubClassSets in numerical order, so SubClassSet 2 precedes SubClassSet 3.

Within each SubClassSet, a SubClassRule is defined. In SetMarksHighSubClassSet2, the SubClassRule table specifies two glyphs in the context, the first glyph in Class 2 (a high glyph) and the second in Class 1 (a mark glyph). The SubstLookupRecord specifies applying SubstituteHighMarkLookup at the second position in the sequence-that is, a high mark glyph will replace the default mark glyph.

In SetMarksVeryHighSubClassSet3, the SubClassRule specifies two glyphs in the context, the first in Class 3 (a very high glyph) and the second in Class 1 (a mark glyph). The SubstLookupRecord specifies applying SubstituteVeryHighMarkLookup at the second position in the sequence-that is, a very high mark glyph will replace the default mark glyph.

Example 8

Hex Data	Source	Comments
	ContextSubstFormat2 SetMarksHighSubtable	ContextSubstFormat2 subtable definition
0002	2	SubstFormat
0010	SetMarksHighCoverage	offset to Coverage table
001C	SetMarksHighClassDef	offset to Class Def table
0004	4	SubClassSetCnt
0000	NULL	offset to SubClassSet[0] table, no contexts that begin with Class 0 glyphs are defined
0000	NULL	offset to SubClassSet[1] table no contexts that begin with Class 1 glyphs are defined
0032	SetMarksHighSubClassSet2	offset to SubClassSet[2] table for contexts that begin with Class 2 glyphs (high base glyphs)
0040	SetMarksVeryHighSubClassSet3	offset to SubClassSet[3] table for contexts that begin with Class 3 glyphs (very high base glyphs)
	CoverageFormat1 SetMarksHighCoverage	Coverage table definition
0001	1	CoverageFormat, lists
0004	4	GlyphCount
0030	tahGlyphID	GlyphArray[0], high base glyph
0031	dhahGlyphID	GlyphArray[1], high base glyph
0040	cafGlyphID	GlyphArray[2], very high base glyph
0041	gafGlyphID	GlyphArray[3], very high base glyph
	ClassDefFormat2 SetMarksHighClassDef	Class table definition
0002	2	Class Format, ranges
0003	3	ClassRangeCount ClassRange[0] ordered by StartGlyphID for Class 2, high base glyphs
0030	tahGlyphID	Start, first Glyph ID in range
0031	dhahGlyphID	End, last Glyph ID in range
0002	2	Class ClassRange[1] for Class 3, very high base glyphs
0040	cafGlyphID	Start, first Glyph ID in the range
0041	gafGlyphID	End, last Glyph ID in the range
0003	3	Class ClassRange[2] for Class 1, mark gyphs
00D2	fathatanDefaultGlyphID	Start, first Glyph ID in range default fathatan mark
00D3	dammatanDefaultGlyphID	End, last Glyph ID in the range default dammatan mark
0001	1	Class
	SubClassSet SetMarksHighSubClassSet2	SubClassSet[2] table definition all contexts that begin with Class 2 glyphs
0001	1	SubClassRuleCnt
0004	SetMarksHighSubClassRule2	offset to SubClassRule[0] table ordered by preference
	SubClassRule SetMarksHighSubClassRule2	SubClassRule[0] table definition, Class 2 glyph (high base) glyph followed by a Class 1 glyph (mark)
0002	2	GlyphCount
0001	1	SubstCount
0001	1	offset to Class[1], beginning with the second Class in the context sequence (mark = Class 1) begin SubstLookupRecord array in design order SubstLookupRecord[0]
0001	1	SequenceIndex, apply substitution to position 2, a mark
0001	1	LookupListIndex
	SubClassSet SetMarksVeryHighSubClassSet3	SubClassSet[3] table definition all contexts that begin with Class 3 glyphs
0001	1	SubClassRuleCnt
0004	SetMarksVeryHighSubClassRule3	offset to SubClassRule[0] table ordered by preference
	SubClassRule SetMarksVeryHighSubClassRule3	SubClassRule[0] table definition Class 3 glyph (very high base glyph) followed by a Class 1 glyph (mark)
0002	2	GlyphCount
0001	1	SubstCount
0001	1	offset to Class[1], beginning with the second Class in the context sequence = marks, Class 1 begin SubstLookupRecord array in design order SubstLookupRecord[0]
0001	1	SequenceIndex, apply substitution to position 2, second glyph class (mark)
0002	2	LookupListIndex

Example 9: ContextualSubstFormat3 Subtable

Example 9 uses the ContextSubstFormat3 subtable with Coverage tables to describe a context sequence of three lowercase glyphs in the pattern: any ascender or descender glyph in position 0 (zero), any x-height glyph in position 1, and any descender glyph in position 2. The overlapping sets of covered glyphs for positions 0 and 2 make Format 3 better for this context than the class-based Format 2.

In positions 0 and 2, swash versions of the glyphs replace the default glyphs. The contextual-substitution lookup is SwashLookup (LookupList index = 0), and its subtable is SwashSubtable. The SwashSubtable defines three Coverage tables: AscenderDescenderCoverage, XheightCoverage, and DescenderCoverage-one for each glyph position in the context sequence, respectively.

The SwashSubtable also defines two SubstLookupRecords: one that applies to position 0, and one for position 2. (No substitutions are applied to position 1.) The record for position 0 uses a single substitution lookup called AscDescSwashLookup to replace the current ascender or descender glyph with a swash ascender or descender glyph. The record for position 2 uses a single substitution lookup called DescSwashLookup to replace the current descender glyph with a swash descender glyph.

Example 9

Hex Data	Source	Comments
	ContextSubstFormat3 SwashSubtable	ContextSubstFormat3 subtable definition
0003	3	SubstFormat
0003	3	GlyphCount in input glyph sequence
0002	2	SubstCount
0030	AscenderDescenderCoverage	offset to Coverage[0] table in context sequence order
004C	XheightCoverage	offset to Coverage[1] table
006E	DescenderCoverage	offset to Coverage[2] table SubstLookupRecord[0] in glyph position order
0000	0	SequenceIndex
0001	1	LookupListIndex, single substitution to output ascender or descender swash SubstLookupRecord[1]
0002	2	SequenceIndex
0002	2	LookupListIndex single substitution to output descender swash
	CoverageFormat1 AscenderDescenderCoverage	Coverage table definition
0001	1	CoverageFormat, lists
000C	12	GlyphCount
0033	bGlyphID	GlyphArray[0] in GlyphID order
0035	dGlyphID	GlyphArray[1]
0037	fGlyphID	GlyphArray[2]
0038	gGlyphID	GlyphArray[3]
0039	hGlyphID	GlyphArray[4]
003B	jGlyphID	GlyphArray[5]
003C	kGlyphID	GlyphArray[6]
003D	lGlyphID	GlyphArray[7]
0041	pGlyphID	GlyphArray[8]
0042	qGlyphID	GlyphArray[9]
0045	tGlyphID	GlyphArray[10]
004A	yGlyphID	GlyphArray[11]
	CoverageFormat1 XheightCoverage	Coverage table definition
0001	1	CoverageFormat, lists
000F	15	GlyphCount
0032	aGlyphID	GlyphArray[0] in GlyphID order
0034	cGlyphID	GlyphArray[1]
0036	eGlyphID	GlyphArray[2]
003A	iGlyphID	GlyphArray[3]
003E	mGlyphID	GlyphArray[4]
003F	nGlyphID	GlyphArray[5]
0040	oGlyphID	GlyphArray[6]
0043	rGlyphID	GlyphArray[7]
0044	sGlyphID	GlyphArray[8]
0045	tGlyphID	GlyphArray[9]
0046	uGlyphID	GlyphArray[10]
0047	vGlyphID	GlyphArray[11]
0048	wGlyphID	GlyphArray[12]
0049	xGlyphID	GlyphArray[13]
004B	zGlyphID	GlyphArray[14]
	CoverageFormat1 DescenderCoverage	Coverage table definition
0001	1	CoverageFormat, lists
0005	5	GlyphCount
0038	gGlyphID	GlyphArray[0] in GlyphID order
003B	jGlyphID	GlyphArray[1]
0041	pGlyphID	GlyphArray[2]
0042	qGlyphID	GlyphArray[3]
004A	yGlyphID	GlyphArray[4]

Example 10: ReverseChainSingleSubstFormat1 Subtable and SubstLookupRecord

Example 10 uses a ReverseChainSingleSubstFormat1 subtable for glyph sequences to glyph with the correct form that has a thick connection to the left (thick exit). This allow the glyph to correctly connect to the letter form to the left of it.

The ThickExitCoverage table is the listing of glyphs to be matched for substitution.

The LookaheadCoverage table, labeled ThickEntryCoverage, lists four GlyphIDs for the glyph following a substitution coverage glyph. This lookahead coverage attempts to match the context that will cause the substitution to take place.

The Substitute table maps the glyphs to replace those in the ThickConnectCoverage table.

Example 10

Hex Data	Source	Comments
	ReverseChainSingleSubstFormat1 ThickConnect	ReverseChainSingleSubstFormat1 subtable definition
0001	1	SubstFormat
0068	ThickExitCoverage	offset to Coverage table
0000	0	BacktrackGlyphCount
0000	null - not used	offset to BacktrackCoverage[0]
0001	1	LookaheadGlyphCount
0026	ThickEntryCoverage	offset to LookaheadCoverage[0]
000C	12	GlyphCount
00A7	BEm2	Substitute[0], ordered by Coverage Index
00B9	BEi3	Substitute[1]
00C5	JIMm3	Substitute[2]
00D4	JIMi2	Substitute[3]
00EA	SINm2	Substitute[4]
00F2	SINi2	Substitute[5]
00FD	SADm2	Substitute[6]
010D	SADi2	Substitute[7]
011B	TOEm3	Substitute[8]
012B	TOEi3	Substitute[9]
013B	AINm2	Substitute[10]
0141	AINi2	Substitute[11]
	CoverageFormat1 ThickEntryCoverage	Coverage table definition
0001	1	CoverageFormat, lists
001F	31	GlyphCount
00A5	ALEFf1	GlyphArray[0], in GlyphID order
00A9	BEm4	GlyphArray[1]
00AA	BEm5	GlyphArray[2]
00E2	DALf1	GlyphArray[3]
0167	KAFf1	GlyphArray[4]
0168	KAFfs1	GlyphArray[5]
0169	KAFm1	GlyphArray[6]
016D	KAFm5	GlyphArray[7]
016E	KAFm6	GlyphArray[8]
0170	KAFm8	GlyphArray[9]
0183	GAFf1	GlyphArray[10]
0184	GAFfs1	GlyphArray[11]
0185	GAFm1	GlyphArray[12]
0189	GAFm5	GlyphArray[13]
018A	GAFm6	GlyphArray[14]
018C	GAFm8	GlyphArray[15]
019F	LAMf1	GlyphArray[16]
01A0	LAMm1	GlyphArray[17]
01A1	LAMm2	GlyphArray[18]
01A2	LAMm3	GlyphArray[19]
01A3	LAMm4	GlyphArray[20]
01A4	LAMm5	GlyphArray[21]
01A5	LAMm6	GlyphArray[22]
01A6	LAMm7	GlyphArray[23]
01A7	LAMm8	GlyphArray[24]
01A8	LAMm9	GlyphArray[25]
01A9	LAMm10	GlyphArray[26]
01AA	LAMm11	GlyphArray[27]
01AB	LAMm12	GlyphArray[28]
01AC	LAMm13	GlyphArray[29]
01EC	HAYf2	GlyphArray[30]
	CoverageFormat1 ThickExitCoverage	Coverage table definition
0001	1	CoverageFormat, lists
000C	12	GlyphCount
00A6	BEm1	GlyphArray[0], ordered by GlyphID
00B7	BEi1	GlyphArray[1]
00C3	JIMm1	GlyphArray[2]
00D2	JIMi1	GlyphArray[3]
00E9	SINm1	GlyphArray[4]
00F1	SINi1	GlyphArray[5]
00FC	SADm1	GlyphArray[6]
010C	SADi1	GlyphArray[7]
0119	TOEm1	GlyphArray[8]
0129	TOEi1	GlyphArray[9]
013A	AINm1	GlyphArray[10]
0140	AINi1	GlyphArray[11]