1.1.1.2 Security Identifiers (SIDs)
The security identifier (SID), as specified in [MS-DTYP] section 2.4.2, is an account identifier. It is variable in length and encapsulates the hierarchical notion of issuer and identifier. It consists of a 6-byte identifier authority field that is followed by one to fourteen 32-bit subauthority values and ends in a single 32-bit relative identifier (RID). The following diagram shows an example of a two-subauthority SID.
Figure 2: Windows SID with subauthorities
The original definition of a SID called out each level of the hierarchy. Each layer included a new subauthority, and an enterprise could lay out arbitrarily complicated hierarchies of issuing authorities. Each layer could, in turn, create additional authorities beneath it. In reality, this system created a lot of overhead for setup and deployment and made the management model group even more complicated. The notion of arbitrary depth identities did not survive the early stages of Windows development; however, the structure was too deeply ingrained to be removed.
In practice, two SID patterns developed. For built-in, predefined identities, the hierarchy was compressed to a depth of two or three subauthorities. For real identities of other principals, the identifier authority was set to five, and the set of subauthorities was set to four.
Whenever a new issuing authority under Windows is created, (for example, a new machine deployed or a domain is created), it is assigned a SID with an arbitrary value of 5 as the identifier authority. A fixed value of 21 is used as a unique value to root this set of subauthorities, and a 96-bit random number is created and parceled out to the three subauthorities with each subauthority that receives a 32-bit chunk. When the new issuing authority for which this SID was created is a domain, this SID is known as a "domain SID".
Windows allocates RIDs starting at 1,000; RIDs that have a value of less than 1,000 are considered reserved and are used for special accounts. For example, all Windows accounts with a RID of 500 are considered built-in administrator accounts in their respective issuing authorities.
Thus, a SID that is associated with an account appears as shown in the following figure.
Figure 3: SID with account association
For most uses, the SID can be treated as a single long identifier for an account. By the time a specific SID is associated with a resource or logged in a file, it is effectively just a single entity. For some cases, however, it can conceptually be treated as two values: a value that indicates the issuing authority and an identifier that is relative to that authority. Sending a series of SIDs, all from the same issuer, is one example: the list can easily be compressed to be the issuer portion and the list of IDs that is relative to that issuer.
It is the responsibility of the issuing authority to preserve the uniqueness of the SIDs, which implies that the issuer does not issue the same RID more than one time. A simple approach to meeting this requirement is to allocate RIDs sequentially. More complicated schemes are certainly possible. For example, Active Directory uses a multimaster approach that allocates RIDs in blocks. It is possible for an issuing authority to run out of RIDs; therefore, the issuing authority is required to handle this situation correctly. Typically, the authority is retired.
Windows supports the concept of groups with much the same mechanisms as individual accounts. Each group has a name, just as the accounts have names. Each group also has an associated SID.
User accounts and groups share the same SID and namespaces. Users and groups cannot have the same name on a Windows-based system nor can the SID for a group and a user be the same.
For access control, Windows makes no distinction between a SID that is assigned to a group or one assigned to an account. Changing the name of a user, computer, or domain does not change the underlying SID for an account. Administrators cannot modify the SID for an account, and there is generally no need to know the SID that is assigned to a particular account. SIDs are primarily intended to be used internally by the operating system to ensure that accounts are uniquely identified in the system.