Criando threads e passando dados na hora de início
Quando um processo do sistema operacional é criado, o sistema operacional injeta um thread para executar o código nesse processo, incluindo qualquer domínio de aplicativo original. A partir desse ponto, os domínios de aplicativos podem ser criados e destruídos sem que nenhum thread do sistema operacional seja necessariamente criado ou destruído. Se o código que está sendo executado for código gerenciado, um Thread objeto para o thread em execução no domínio do aplicativo atual pode ser obtido recuperando a propriedade estática CurrentThread do tipo Thread. Este tópico descreve a criação de threads e discute alternativas para passar dados para o procedimento de thread.
Criando um thread
A criação de um novo Thread objeto cria um novo thread gerenciado. A Thread classe tem construtores que usam um ThreadStart delegado ou um ParameterizedThreadStart delegado, o delegado encapsula o método que é invocado pelo novo thread quando você chama o Start método. Ligar Start mais de uma vez faz com que um ThreadStateException seja lançado.
O Start método retorna imediatamente, geralmente antes que o novo thread tenha realmente começado. Você pode usar as ThreadState propriedades e IsAlive para determinar o estado do thread a qualquer momento, mas essas propriedades nunca devem ser usadas para sincronizar as atividades dos threads.
Nota
Depois que um thread é iniciado, não é necessário manter uma referência ao Thread objeto. O thread continua a ser executado até que o procedimento de thread termine.
O exemplo de código a seguir cria dois novos threads para chamar métodos estáticos e de instância em outro objeto.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Threading;
public ref class ServerClass
{
public:
// The method that will be called when the thread is started.
void InstanceMethod()
{
Console::WriteLine(
"ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.");
// Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
// threads more apparent.
Thread::Sleep(3000);
Console::WriteLine(
"The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.");
}
static void StaticMethod()
{
Console::WriteLine(
"ServerClass.StaticMethod is running on another thread.");
// Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
// threads more apparent.
Thread::Sleep(5000);
Console::WriteLine(
"The static method called by the worker thread has ended.");
}
};
public ref class Simple
{
public:
static void Main()
{
ServerClass^ serverObject = gcnew ServerClass();
// Create the thread object, passing in the
// serverObject.InstanceMethod method using a
// ThreadStart delegate.
Thread^ InstanceCaller = gcnew Thread(
gcnew ThreadStart(serverObject, &ServerClass::InstanceMethod));
// Start the thread.
InstanceCaller->Start();
Console::WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after "
+ "starting the new InstanceCaller thread.");
// Create the thread object, passing in the
// serverObject.StaticMethod method using a
// ThreadStart delegate.
Thread^ StaticCaller = gcnew Thread(
gcnew ThreadStart(&ServerClass::StaticMethod));
// Start the thread.
StaticCaller->Start();
Console::WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after "
+ "starting the new StaticCaller thread.");
}
};
int main()
{
Simple::Main();
}
// The example displays output like the following:
// The Main() thread calls this after starting the new InstanceCaller thread.
// The Main() thread calls this after starting the new StaticCaller thread.
// ServerClass.StaticMethod is running on another thread.
// ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.
// The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.
// The static method called by the worker thread has ended.
using System;
using System.Threading;
public class ServerClass
{
// The method that will be called when the thread is started.
public void InstanceMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine(
"ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.");
// Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
// threads more apparent.
Thread.Sleep(3000);
Console.WriteLine(
"The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.");
}
public static void StaticMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine(
"ServerClass.StaticMethod is running on another thread.");
// Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
// threads more apparent.
Thread.Sleep(5000);
Console.WriteLine(
"The static method called by the worker thread has ended.");
}
}
public class Simple
{
public static void Main()
{
ServerClass serverObject = new ServerClass();
// Create the thread object, passing in the
// serverObject.InstanceMethod method using a
// ThreadStart delegate.
Thread InstanceCaller = new Thread(
new ThreadStart(serverObject.InstanceMethod));
// Start the thread.
InstanceCaller.Start();
Console.WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after "
+ "starting the new InstanceCaller thread.");
// Create the thread object, passing in the
// serverObject.StaticMethod method using a
// ThreadStart delegate.
Thread StaticCaller = new Thread(
new ThreadStart(ServerClass.StaticMethod));
// Start the thread.
StaticCaller.Start();
Console.WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after "
+ "starting the new StaticCaller thread.");
}
}
// The example displays the output like the following:
// The Main() thread calls this after starting the new InstanceCaller thread.
// The Main() thread calls this after starting the new StaticCaller thread.
// ServerClass.StaticMethod is running on another thread.
// ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.
// The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.
// The static method called by the worker thread has ended.
Imports System.Threading
Public class ServerClass
' The method that will be called when the thread is started.
Public Sub InstanceMethod()
Console.WriteLine(
"ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.")
' Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
' threads more apparent.
Thread.Sleep(3000)
Console.WriteLine(
"The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.")
End Sub
Public Shared Sub SharedMethod()
Console.WriteLine(
"ServerClass.SharedMethod is running on another thread.")
' Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
' threads more apparent.
Thread.Sleep(5000)
Console.WriteLine(
"The Shared method called by the worker thread has ended.")
End Sub
End Class
Public class Simple
Public Shared Sub Main()
Dim serverObject As New ServerClass()
' Create the thread object, passing in the
' serverObject.InstanceMethod method using a
' ThreadStart delegate.
Dim InstanceCaller As New Thread(AddressOf serverObject.InstanceMethod)
' Start the thread.
InstanceCaller.Start()
Console.WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after " _
+ "starting the new InstanceCaller thread.")
' Create the thread object, passing in the
' serverObject.SharedMethod method using a
' ThreadStart delegate.
Dim SharedCaller As New Thread( _
New ThreadStart(AddressOf ServerClass.SharedMethod))
' Start the thread.
SharedCaller.Start()
Console.WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after " _
+ "starting the new SharedCaller thread.")
End Sub
End Class
' The example displays output like the following:
' The Main() thread calls this after starting the new InstanceCaller thread.
' The Main() thread calls this after starting the new StaticCaller thread.
' ServerClass.StaticMethod is running on another thread.
' ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.
' The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.
' The static method called by the worker thread has ended.
Passando dados para threads
O ParameterizedThreadStart delegado fornece uma maneira fácil de passar um objeto que contém dados para um thread quando você chama Thread.Start(Object). Consulte ParameterizedThreadStart para obter um exemplo de código.
Usar o ParameterizedThreadStart delegado não é uma maneira segura de digitar para passar dados, porque o Thread.Start(Object) método aceita qualquer objeto. Uma alternativa é encapsular o procedimento de thread e os dados em uma classe auxiliar e usar o ThreadStart delegado para executar o procedimento de thread. O exemplo a seguir demonstra essa técnica:
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Threading;
// The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
// a task, and the method that executes the task.
//
public ref class ThreadWithState
{
private:
// State information used in the task.
String^ boilerplate;
int numberValue;
// The constructor obtains the state information.
public:
ThreadWithState(String^ text, int number)
{
boilerplate = text;
numberValue = number;
}
// The thread procedure performs the task, such as formatting
// and printing a document.
void ThreadProc()
{
Console::WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue);
}
};
// Entry point for the example.
//
public ref class Example
{
public:
static void Main()
{
// Supply the state information required by the task.
ThreadWithState^ tws = gcnew ThreadWithState(
"This report displays the number {0}.", 42);
// Create a thread to execute the task, and then
// start the thread.
Thread^ t = gcnew Thread(gcnew ThreadStart(tws, &ThreadWithState::ThreadProc));
t->Start();
Console::WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.");
t->Join();
Console::WriteLine(
"Independent task has completed; main thread ends.");
}
};
int main()
{
Example::Main();
}
// This example displays the following output:
// Main thread does some work, then waits.
// This report displays the number 42.
// Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
using System;
using System.Threading;
// The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
// a task, and the method that executes the task.
//
public class ThreadWithState
{
// State information used in the task.
private string boilerplate;
private int numberValue;
// The constructor obtains the state information.
public ThreadWithState(string text, int number)
{
boilerplate = text;
numberValue = number;
}
// The thread procedure performs the task, such as formatting
// and printing a document.
public void ThreadProc()
{
Console.WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue);
}
}
// Entry point for the example.
//
public class Example
{
public static void Main()
{
// Supply the state information required by the task.
ThreadWithState tws = new ThreadWithState(
"This report displays the number {0}.", 42);
// Create a thread to execute the task, and then
// start the thread.
Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(tws.ThreadProc));
t.Start();
Console.WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.");
t.Join();
Console.WriteLine(
"Independent task has completed; main thread ends.");
}
}
// The example displays the following output:
// Main thread does some work, then waits.
// This report displays the number 42.
// Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
Imports System.Threading
' The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
' a task, and the method that executes the task.
Public Class ThreadWithState
' State information used in the task.
Private boilerplate As String
Private numberValue As Integer
' The constructor obtains the state information.
Public Sub New(text As String, number As Integer)
boilerplate = text
numberValue = number
End Sub
' The thread procedure performs the task, such as formatting
' and printing a document.
Public Sub ThreadProc()
Console.WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue)
End Sub
End Class
' Entry point for the example.
'
Public Class Example
Public Shared Sub Main()
' Supply the state information required by the task.
Dim tws As New ThreadWithState( _
"This report displays the number {0}.", 42)
' Create a thread to execute the task, and then
' start the thread.
Dim t As New Thread(New ThreadStart(AddressOf tws.ThreadProc))
t.Start()
Console.WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.")
t.Join()
Console.WriteLine( _
"Independent task has completed main thread ends.")
End Sub
End Class
' The example displays the following output:
' Main thread does some work, then waits.
' This report displays the number 42.
' Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
Nem ThreadStart o ParameterizedThreadStart delegado tem um valor de retorno, porque não há lugar para retornar os dados de uma chamada assíncrona. Para recuperar os resultados de um método de thread, você pode usar um método de retorno de chamada, conforme mostrado na próxima seção.
Recuperando dados de threads com métodos de retorno de chamada
O exemplo a seguir demonstra um método de retorno de chamada que recupera dados de um thread. O construtor para a classe que contém os dados e o método thread também aceita um delegado que representa o método de retorno de chamada; Antes que o método thread termine, ele invoca o delegado de retorno de chamada.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Threading;
// Delegate that defines the signature for the callback method.
//
public delegate void ExampleCallback(int lineCount);
// The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
// a task, the method that executes the task, and a delegate
// to call when the task is complete.
//
public ref class ThreadWithState
{
private:
// State information used in the task.
String^ boilerplate;
int numberValue;
// Delegate used to execute the callback method when the
// task is complete.
ExampleCallback^ callback;
public:
// The constructor obtains the state information and the
// callback delegate.
ThreadWithState(String^ text, int number,
ExampleCallback^ callbackDelegate)
{
boilerplate = text;
numberValue = number;
callback = callbackDelegate;
}
// The thread procedure performs the task, such as
// formatting and printing a document, and then invokes
// the callback delegate with the number of lines printed.
void ThreadProc()
{
Console::WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue);
if (callback != nullptr)
{
callback(1);
}
}
};
// Entry point for the example.
//
public ref class Example
{
public:
static void Main()
{
// Supply the state information required by the task.
ThreadWithState^ tws = gcnew ThreadWithState(
"This report displays the number {0}.",
42,
gcnew ExampleCallback(&Example::ResultCallback)
);
Thread^ t = gcnew Thread(gcnew ThreadStart(tws, &ThreadWithState::ThreadProc));
t->Start();
Console::WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.");
t->Join();
Console::WriteLine(
"Independent task has completed; main thread ends.");
}
// The callback method must match the signature of the
// callback delegate.
//
static void ResultCallback(int lineCount)
{
Console::WriteLine(
"Independent task printed {0} lines.", lineCount);
}
};
int main()
{
Example::Main();
}
// The example displays the following output:
// Main thread does some work, then waits.
// This report displays the number 42.
// Independent task printed 1 lines.
// Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
using System;
using System.Threading;
// The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
// a task, the method that executes the task, and a delegate
// to call when the task is complete.
//
public class ThreadWithState
{
// State information used in the task.
private string boilerplate;
private int numberValue;
// Delegate used to execute the callback method when the
// task is complete.
private ExampleCallback callback;
// The constructor obtains the state information and the
// callback delegate.
public ThreadWithState(string text, int number,
ExampleCallback callbackDelegate)
{
boilerplate = text;
numberValue = number;
callback = callbackDelegate;
}
// The thread procedure performs the task, such as
// formatting and printing a document, and then invokes
// the callback delegate with the number of lines printed.
public void ThreadProc()
{
Console.WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue);
if (callback != null)
callback(1);
}
}
// Delegate that defines the signature for the callback method.
//
public delegate void ExampleCallback(int lineCount);
// Entry point for the example.
//
public class Example
{
public static void Main()
{
// Supply the state information required by the task.
ThreadWithState tws = new ThreadWithState(
"This report displays the number {0}.",
42,
new ExampleCallback(ResultCallback)
);
Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(tws.ThreadProc));
t.Start();
Console.WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.");
t.Join();
Console.WriteLine(
"Independent task has completed; main thread ends.");
}
// The callback method must match the signature of the
// callback delegate.
//
public static void ResultCallback(int lineCount)
{
Console.WriteLine(
"Independent task printed {0} lines.", lineCount);
}
}
// The example displays the following output:
// Main thread does some work, then waits.
// This report displays the number 42.
// Independent task printed 1 lines.
// Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
Imports System.Threading
' The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
' a task, the method that executes the task, and a delegate
' to call when the task is complete.
Public Class ThreadWithState
' State information used in the task.
Private boilerplate As String
Private numberValue As Integer
' Delegate used to execute the callback method when the
' task is complete.
Private callback As ExampleCallback
' The constructor obtains the state information and the
' callback delegate.
Public Sub New(text As String, number As Integer, _
callbackDelegate As ExampleCallback)
boilerplate = text
numberValue = number
callback = callbackDelegate
End Sub
' The thread procedure performs the task, such as
' formatting and printing a document, and then invokes
' the callback delegate with the number of lines printed.
Public Sub ThreadProc()
Console.WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue)
If Not (callback Is Nothing) Then
callback(1)
End If
End Sub
End Class
' Delegate that defines the signature for the callback method.
'
Public Delegate Sub ExampleCallback(lineCount As Integer)
Public Class Example
Public Shared Sub Main()
' Supply the state information required by the task.
Dim tws As New ThreadWithState( _
"This report displays the number {0}.", _
42, _
AddressOf ResultCallback)
Dim t As New Thread(AddressOf tws.ThreadProc)
t.Start()
Console.WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.")
t.Join()
Console.WriteLine( _
"Independent task has completed; main thread ends.")
End Sub
Public Shared Sub ResultCallback(lineCount As Integer)
Console.WriteLine( _
"Independent task printed {0} lines.", lineCount)
End Sub
End Class
' The example displays the following output:
' Main thread does some work, then waits.
' This report displays the number 42.
' Independent task printed 1 lines.
' Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
Consulte também
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