Step 3: Serve static files, add pages, and use template inheritance with Flask app

Článek
02/07/2022

Applies to: Visual Studio Visual Studio for Mac

Note

This article applies to Visual Studio 2017. If you're looking for the latest Visual Studio documentation, see Visual Studio documentation. We recommend upgrading to the latest version of Visual Studio. Download it here

Previous step: Create a Flask app with views and page templates

In the previous steps of this tutorial, you've learned how to create a minimal Flask app with a single page of self-contained HTML. Modern web apps are typically composed of many pages, and use shared resources like CSS and JavaScript files to provide consistent styling and behavior.

In this step, you learn how to:

Use Visual Studio item templates to quickly add new files of different types with convenient boilerplate code (step 3-1)
Serve static files from code (step 3-2, optional)
Add additional pages to the app (step 3-3)
Use template inheritance to create a header and nav bar that's used across pages (step 3-4)

Step 3-1: Become familiar with item templates

As you develop a Flask app, you typically add many more Python, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files. For each file type (and other files like web.config that you might need for deployment), Visual Studio provides convenient item templates to get you started.

To see available templates, go to Solution Explorer, right-click the folder in which you want to create the item, select Add > New Item:

Add new item dialog in Visual Studio

To use a template, select the desired template, specify a name for the file, and select OK. Adding an item in this manner automatically adds the file to your Visual Studio project and marks the changes for source control.

Question: How does Visual Studio know which item templates to offer?

Answer: The Visual Studio project file (.pyproj) contains a project type identifier that marks it as a Python project. Visual Studio uses this type identifier to show only those item templates that are suitable for the project type. This way, Visual Studio can supply a rich set of item templates for many project types without asking you to sort through them every time.

Step 3-2: Serve static files from your app

In a web app built with Python (using any framework), your Python files always run on the web host's server and are never transmitted to a user's computer. Other files such as CSS and JavaScript, are only used by the browser, so the host server simply delivers them as-is whenever they're requested. Such files are referred to as "static" files, and Flask can deliver them automatically without you needing to write any code. Within HTML files, for example, you can refer to static files using a relative path in the project. The first section in this step adds a CSS file to your existing page template.

When you need to deliver a static file from code, such as through an API endpoint implementation, Flask provides a convenient method that lets you refer to files using relative paths within a folder named static (in the project root). The second section in this step demonstrates that method using a simple static data file.

In either case, you can organize files under static however you like.

Use a static file in a template

In Solution Explorer, right-click the HelloFlask folder in the Visual Studio project, select Add > New folder, and name the folder static.
Right-click the static folder and select Add > New item. In the dialog that appears, select the Stylesheet template, name the file site.css, and select OK. The site.css file appears in the project and is opened in the editor. Your folder structure should appear similar to the following image:
Replace the contents of site.css with the following code and save the file:
```
.message {
    font-weight: 600;
    color: blue;
}
```
Replace the contents of the app's templates/index.html file with the following code, which replaces the <strong> element used in step 2 with a <span> that references the message style class. Using a style class in this way gives you much more flexibility in styling the element.
```
<html>
    <head>
        <title>{{ title }}</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/site.css" />
    </head>
    <body>
        <span class="message">{{ message }}</span>{{ content }}
    </body>
</html>
```
Run the project to observe the results. When you're done, stop the app and you can commit your changes to source control (as explained in step 2).

Serve a static file from code

Flask provides a function called serve_static_file that you can call from code to refer to any file within the project's static folder. The following process creates a simple API endpoint that returns a static data file.

If you haven't done so already, create a static folder: in Solution Explorer, right-click the HelloFlask folder in the Visual Studio project, select Add > New folder, and name the folder static.
In the static folder, create a static JSON data file named data.json with the following contents (which are meaningless sample data):
```
{
    "01": {
        "note" : "Data is very simple because we're demonstrating only the mechanism."
    }
}
```
In views.py, add a function with the route /api/data that returns the static data file using the send_static_file method:
```
@app.route('/api/data')
def get_data():
  return app.send_static_file('data.json')
```
Run the app and navigate to the /api/data endpoint to see that the static file is returned. when you're done, stop the app.

Question: Are there any conventions for organizing static files?

Answer: You can add other CSS, JavaScript, and HTML files in your static folder however you want. A typical way to organize static files is to create subfolders named fonts, scripts, and content (for stylesheets and any other files).

Question: How do I handle URL variables and query parameters in an API?

Answer: See the answer in step 1-4 for Question: How does Flask work with variable URL routes and query parameters?

Step 3-3: Add a page to the app

Adding another page to the app means the following:

Add a Python function that defines the view.
Add a template for the page's markup.
Add the necessary routing to the Flask project's urls.py file.

The following steps add an "About" page to the "HelloFlask" project, and links to that page from the home page:

In Solution Explorer, right-click the templates folder, select Add > New item, select the HTML Page item template, name the file about.html, and select OK.

Tip

If the New Item command doesn't appear on the Add menu, make sure that you've stopped the app so that Visual Studio exits debugging mode.

Replace the contents of about.html with the following markup (you replace the explicit link to the home page with a simple navigation bar in step 3-4):

<html>
    <head>
        <title>{{ title }}</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/site.css" />
    </head>
    <body>
        <div><a href="home">Home</a></div>
        {{ content }}
    </body>
</html>

Open the app's views.py file and add a function named about that uses the template:

@app.route('/about')
def about():
    return render_template(
        "about.html",
        title = "About HelloFlask",
        content = "Example app page for Flask.")

Open the templates/index.html file and add the following line immediately within the <body> element to link to the About page (again, you replace this link with a nav bar in step 3-4):
```
<div><a href="about">About</a></div>
```
Save all the files using the File > Save All menu command, or press Ctrl+Shift+S. (This step isn't needed, as running the project in Visual Studio saves files automatically. Nevertheless, it's a good command to know about!)
Run the project to observe the results and check navigation between pages. Stop the app when done.

Question: Does the name of a page function matter to Flask?

Answer: No, because it's the @app.route decorator that determines the URLs for which Flask calls the function to generate a response. Developers typically match the function name to the route, but such matching isn't required.

Step 3-4: Use template inheritance to create a header and nav bar

Instead of having explicit navigation links on each page, modern web apps typically use a branding header and a navigation bar that provides the most important page links, popup menus, and so on. To make sure the app is consistent, the header and navigation bar should be the same across all pages, while not repeating the same code in every page template. You instead want to define the common parts of all your pages in one place.

Flask's templating system (Jinja by default) provides two means for reusing specific elements across multiple templates: includes and inheritance.

Includes are other page templates that you insert at a specific place in the referring template using the syntax {% include <template_path> %}. You can also use a variable if you want to change the path dynamically in code. Includes are typically used in the body of a page to pull in the shared template at a specific location on the page.
Inheritance uses the {% extends <template_path> %} at the beginning of a page template to specify a shared base template that the referring template then builds upon. Inheritance is commonly used to define a shared layout, navigation bar, and other structures for an app's pages, such that referring templates need only add or modify specific areas of the base template called blocks.

In both cases, <template_path> is relative to the app's templates folder (../ or ./ are also allowed).

A base template delineates blocks using {% block <block_name> %} and {% endblock %} tags. If a referring template then uses tags with the same block name, its block content overrides that of the base template.

The following steps demonstrate inheritance:

In the app's templates folder, create a new HTML file (using the Add > New item context menu or Add > HTML Page) called layout.html, and replace its contents with the markup below. You can see that this template contains a block named "content" that is all that the referring pages need to replace:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>{{ title }}</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/site.css" />
</head>

<body>
    <div class="navbar">
        <a href="/" class="navbar-brand">Hello Flask</a>
        <a href="{{ url_for('home') }}" class="navbar-item">Home</a>
        <a href="{{ url_for('about') }}" class="navbar-item">About</a>
    </div>

    <div class="body-content">
        {% block content %}
        {% endblock %}
        <hr/>
        <footer>
            <p>&copy; 2018</p>
        </footer>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

Add the following styles to the app's static/site.css file (this walkthrough doesn't demonstrate responsive design. However, these styles only generate an interesting result):

.navbar {
    background-color: lightslategray;
    font-size: 1em;
    font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Arial, sans-serif;
    color: white;
    padding: 8px 5px 8px 5px;
}

.navbar a {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: inherit;
}

.navbar-brand {
    font-size: 1.2em;
    font-weight: 600;
}

.navbar-item {
    font-variant: small-caps;
    margin-left: 30px;
}

.body-content {
    padding: 5px;
    font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif;
}

Modify templates/index.html to refer to the base template and override the content block. You can see that by using inheritance, this template becomes simple:
```
{% extends "layout.html" %}
{% block content %}
<span class="message">{{ message }}</span>{{ content }}
{% endblock %}
```
Modify templates/about.html to also refer to the base template and override the content block:
```
{% extends "layout.html" %}
{% block content %}
{{ content }}
{% endblock %}
```
Run the server to observe the results. When you're done, close the server.
Because you made substantial changes to the app, it's again a good time to commit your changes to source control.

Next steps

You can go deeper with these resources:

For more capabilities of Jinja templates, such as control flow, see Jinja Template Designer Documentation (jinja.pocoo.org)
For details on using url_for, see url_for within the Flask Application object documentation (flask.pocoo.org)
Tutorial source code on GitHub: Microsoft/python-sample-vs-learning-flask

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