Your log says... "GetDirectoryList failed with a non-recoverable failure, 0x87d0027e" and "Failed to get directory list from 'http://Your.F.Q.D.N/CCM_Client'. Error 0x87d0027e" and "Accessing the URL 'http://Your.F.Q.D.N/CCM_Client/ccmsetup.cab' failed with 87D00215" . That all points to your Management Point not being able to offer the client setup files and/or permissions.
If I were you, I would try adding a 2nd Management Point, on a completely different server, and remove the one on Your.F.Q.D.N current server. If that is NOT an option (you only have 1 server), I would completely remove the Management Point, reboot the server, then re-add the Management Point, AND of course, monitor the logs for the MP install.
But, I'm not you. If that reinstall doesn't work, open a case with Microsoft to determine what may or may not be configured correctly on your Management Point configuration.