ReaderWriterLock Classe

Definizione

public ref class ReaderWriterLock sealed : System::Runtime::ConstrainedExecution::CriticalFinalizerObject

public ref class ReaderWriterLock sealed

public sealed class ReaderWriterLock : System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution.CriticalFinalizerObject

public sealed class ReaderWriterLock

[System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)]
public sealed class ReaderWriterLock : System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution.CriticalFinalizerObject

type ReaderWriterLock = class
    inherit CriticalFinalizerObject

type ReaderWriterLock = class

[<System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(true)>]
type ReaderWriterLock = class
    inherit CriticalFinalizerObject

Public NotInheritable Class ReaderWriterLock
Inherits CriticalFinalizerObject

Public NotInheritable Class ReaderWriterLock

Ereditarietà

Object

CriticalFinalizerObject

ReaderWriterLock

Ereditarietà

Object

ReaderWriterLock

Attributi

ComVisibleAttribute

Esempio

Nell'esempio seguente viene illustrato come usare un ReaderWriterLock oggetto per proteggere una risorsa condivisa, un valore intero denominato resource, che viene letto simultaneamente e scritto esclusivamente da più thread. Si noti che l'oggetto ReaderWriterLock viene dichiarato a livello di classe in modo che sia visibile a tutti i thread.

// This example shows a ReaderWriterLock protecting a shared
// resource that is read concurrently and written exclusively
// by multiple threads.
// The complete code is located in the ReaderWriterLock
// class topic.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Threading;
public ref class Test
{
public:

   // Declaring the ReaderWriterLock at the class level
   // makes it visible to all threads.
   static ReaderWriterLock^ rwl = gcnew ReaderWriterLock;

   // For this example, the shared resource protected by the
   // ReaderWriterLock is just an integer.
   static int resource = 0;

   literal int numThreads = 26;
   static bool running = true;

   // Statistics.
   static int readerTimeouts = 0;
   static int writerTimeouts = 0;
   static int reads = 0;
   static int writes = 0;
   static void ThreadProc()
   {
      Random^ rnd = gcnew Random;

      // As long as a thread runs, it randomly selects
      // various ways to read and write from the shared
      // resource. Each of the methods demonstrates one
      // or more features of ReaderWriterLock.
      while ( running )
      {
         double action = rnd->NextDouble();
         if ( action < .8 )
                  ReadFromResource( 10 );
         else
         if ( action < .81 )
                  ReleaseRestore( rnd, 50 );
         else
         if ( action < .90 )
                  UpgradeDowngrade( rnd, 100 );
         else
                  WriteToResource( rnd, 100 );
      }
   }


   // Shows how to request and release a reader lock, and
   // how to handle time-outs.
   static void ReadFromResource( int timeOut )
   {
      try
      {
         rwl->AcquireReaderLock( timeOut );
         try
         {

            // It is safe for this thread to read from
            // the shared resource.
            Display( String::Format( "reads resource value {0}", resource ) );
            Interlocked::Increment( reads );
         }
         finally
         {

            // Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl->ReleaseReaderLock();
         }

      }
      catch ( ApplicationException^ )
      {

         // The reader lock request timed out.
         Interlocked::Increment( readerTimeouts );
      }

   }


   // Shows how to request and release the writer lock, and
   // how to handle time-outs.
   static void WriteToResource( Random^ rnd, int timeOut )
   {
      try
      {
         rwl->AcquireWriterLock( timeOut );
         try
         {

            // It is safe for this thread to read or write
            // from the shared resource.
            resource = rnd->Next( 500 );
            Display( String::Format( "writes resource value {0}", resource ) );
            Interlocked::Increment( writes );
         }
         finally
         {

            // Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl->ReleaseWriterLock();
         }

      }
      catch ( ApplicationException^ )
      {

         // The writer lock request timed out.
         Interlocked::Increment( writerTimeouts );
      }

   }


   // Shows how to request a reader lock, upgrade the
   // reader lock to the writer lock, and downgrade to a
   // reader lock again.
   static void UpgradeDowngrade( Random^ rnd, int timeOut )
   {
      try
      {
         rwl->AcquireReaderLock( timeOut );
         try
         {

            // It is safe for this thread to read from
            // the shared resource.
            Display( String::Format( "reads resource value {0}", resource ) );
            Interlocked::Increment( reads );

            // If it is necessary to write to the resource,
            // you must either release the reader lock and
            // then request the writer lock, or upgrade the
            // reader lock. Note that upgrading the reader lock
            // puts the thread in the write queue, behind any
            // other threads that might be waiting for the
            // writer lock.
            try
            {
               LockCookie lc = rwl->UpgradeToWriterLock( timeOut );
               try
               {

                  // It is safe for this thread to read or write
                  // from the shared resource.
                  resource = rnd->Next( 500 );
                  Display( String::Format( "writes resource value {0}", resource ) );
                  Interlocked::Increment( writes );
               }
               finally
               {

                  // Ensure that the lock is released.
                  rwl->DowngradeFromWriterLock( lc );
               }

            }
            catch ( ApplicationException^ )
            {

               // The upgrade request timed out.
               Interlocked::Increment( writerTimeouts );
            }


            // When the lock has been downgraded, it is
            // still safe to read from the resource.
            Display( String::Format( "reads resource value {0}", resource ) );
            Interlocked::Increment( reads );
         }
         finally
         {

            // Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl->ReleaseReaderLock();
         }

      }
      catch ( ApplicationException^ )
      {

         // The reader lock request timed out.
         Interlocked::Increment( readerTimeouts );
      }

   }


   // Shows how to release all locks and later restore
   // the lock state. Shows how to use sequence numbers
   // to determine whether another thread has obtained
   // a writer lock since this thread last accessed the
   // resource.
   static void ReleaseRestore( Random^ rnd, int timeOut )
   {
      int lastWriter;
      try
      {
         rwl->AcquireReaderLock( timeOut );
         try
         {

            // It is safe for this thread to read from
            // the shared resource. Cache the value. (You
            // might do this if reading the resource is
            // an expensive operation.)
            int resourceValue = resource;
            Display( String::Format( "reads resource value {0}", resourceValue ) );
            Interlocked::Increment( reads );

            // Save the current writer sequence number.
            lastWriter = rwl->WriterSeqNum;

            // Release the lock, and save a cookie so the
            // lock can be restored later.
            LockCookie lc = rwl->ReleaseLock();

            // Wait for a random interval (up to a
            // quarter of a second), and then restore
            // the previous state of the lock. Note that
            // there is no timeout on the Restore method.
            Thread::Sleep( rnd->Next( 250 ) );
            rwl->RestoreLock( lc );

            // Check whether other threads obtained the
            // writer lock in the interval. If not, then
            // the cached value of the resource is still
            // valid.
            if ( rwl->AnyWritersSince( lastWriter ) )
            {
               resourceValue = resource;
               Interlocked::Increment( reads );
               Display( String::Format( "resource has changed {0}", resourceValue ) );
            }
            else
            {
               Display( String::Format( "resource has not changed {0}", resourceValue ) );
            }
         }
         finally
         {

            // Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl->ReleaseReaderLock();
         }

      }
      catch ( ApplicationException^ )
      {

         // The reader lock request timed out.
         Interlocked::Increment( readerTimeouts );
      }

   }


   // Helper method briefly displays the most recent
   // thread action. Comment out calls to Display to
   // get a better idea of throughput.
   static void Display( String^ msg )
   {
      Console::Write( "Thread {0} {1}.       \r", Thread::CurrentThread->Name, msg );
   }

};


int main()
{
   array<String^>^args = Environment::GetCommandLineArgs();

   // Start a series of threads. Each thread randomly
   // performs reads and writes on the shared resource.
   array<Thread^>^t = gcnew array<Thread^>(Test::numThreads);
   for ( int i = 0; i < Test::numThreads; i++ )
   {
      t[ i ] = gcnew Thread( gcnew ThreadStart( Test::ThreadProc ) );
      t[ i ]->Name = gcnew String( Convert::ToChar( i + 65 ),1 );
      t[ i ]->Start();
      if ( i > 10 )
            Thread::Sleep( 300 );

   }

   // Tell the threads to shut down, then wait until they all
   // finish.
   Test::running = false;
   for ( int i = 0; i < Test::numThreads; i++ )
   {
      t[ i ]->Join();

   }

   // Display statistics.
   Console::WriteLine( "\r\n {0} reads, {1} writes, {2} reader time-outs, {3} writer time-outs.", Test::reads, Test::writes, Test::readerTimeouts, Test::writerTimeouts );
   Console::WriteLine( "Press ENTER to exit." );
   Console::ReadLine();
   return 0;
}

// The complete code is located in the ReaderWriterLock class topic.
using System;
using System.Threading;

public class Example
{
   static ReaderWriterLock rwl = new ReaderWriterLock();
   // Define the shared resource protected by the ReaderWriterLock.
   static int resource = 0;

   const int numThreads = 26;
   static bool running = true;

   // Statistics.
   static int readerTimeouts = 0;
   static int writerTimeouts = 0;
   static int reads = 0;
   static int writes = 0;

   public static void Main()
   {
      // Start a series of threads to randomly read from and
      // write to the shared resource.
      Thread[] t = new Thread[numThreads];
      for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++){
         t[i] = new Thread(new ThreadStart(ThreadProc));
         t[i].Name = new String((char)(i + 65), 1);
         t[i].Start();
         if (i > 10)
            Thread.Sleep(300);
      }

      // Tell the threads to shut down and wait until they all finish.
      running = false;
      for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++)
         t[i].Join();

      // Display statistics.
      Console.WriteLine("\n{0} reads, {1} writes, {2} reader time-outs, {3} writer time-outs.",
            reads, writes, readerTimeouts, writerTimeouts);
      Console.Write("Press ENTER to exit... ");
      Console.ReadLine();
   }

   static void ThreadProc()
   {
      Random rnd = new Random();

      // Randomly select a way for the thread to read and write from the shared
      // resource.
      while (running) {
         double action = rnd.NextDouble();
         if (action < .8)
            ReadFromResource(10);
         else if (action < .81)
            ReleaseRestore(rnd, 50);
         else if (action < .90)
            UpgradeDowngrade(rnd, 100);
         else
            WriteToResource(rnd, 100);
      }
   }

   // Request and release a reader lock, and handle time-outs.
   static void ReadFromResource(int timeOut)
   {
      try {
         rwl.AcquireReaderLock(timeOut);
         try {
            // It is safe for this thread to read from the shared resource.
            Display("reads resource value " + resource);
            Interlocked.Increment(ref reads);
         }
         finally {
            // Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl.ReleaseReaderLock();
         }
      }
      catch (ApplicationException) {
         // The reader lock request timed out.
         Interlocked.Increment(ref readerTimeouts);
      }
   }

   // Request and release the writer lock, and handle time-outs.
   static void WriteToResource(Random rnd, int timeOut)
   {
      try {
         rwl.AcquireWriterLock(timeOut);
         try {
            // It's safe for this thread to access from the shared resource.
            resource = rnd.Next(500);
            Display("writes resource value " + resource);
            Interlocked.Increment(ref writes);
         }
         finally {
            // Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl.ReleaseWriterLock();
         }
      }
      catch (ApplicationException) {
         // The writer lock request timed out.
         Interlocked.Increment(ref writerTimeouts);
      }
   }

   // Requests a reader lock, upgrades the reader lock to the writer
   // lock, and downgrades it to a reader lock again.
   static void UpgradeDowngrade(Random rnd, int timeOut)
   {
      try {
         rwl.AcquireReaderLock(timeOut);
         try {
            // It's safe for this thread to read from the shared resource.
            Display("reads resource value " + resource);
            Interlocked.Increment(ref reads);

            // To write to the resource, either release the reader lock and
            // request the writer lock, or upgrade the reader lock. Upgrading
            // the reader lock puts the thread in the write queue, behind any
            // other threads that might be waiting for the writer lock.
            try {
               LockCookie lc = rwl.UpgradeToWriterLock(timeOut);
               try {
                  // It's safe for this thread to read or write from the shared resource.
                  resource = rnd.Next(500);
                  Display("writes resource value " + resource);
                  Interlocked.Increment(ref writes);
               }
               finally {
                  // Ensure that the lock is released.
                  rwl.DowngradeFromWriterLock(ref lc);
               }
            }
            catch (ApplicationException) {
               // The upgrade request timed out.
               Interlocked.Increment(ref writerTimeouts);
            }

            // If the lock was downgraded, it's still safe to read from the resource.
            Display("reads resource value " + resource);
            Interlocked.Increment(ref reads);
         }
         finally {
            // Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl.ReleaseReaderLock();
         }
      }
      catch (ApplicationException) {
         // The reader lock request timed out.
         Interlocked.Increment(ref readerTimeouts);
      }
   }

   // Release all locks and later restores the lock state.
   // Uses sequence numbers to determine whether another thread has
   // obtained a writer lock since this thread last accessed the resource.
   static void ReleaseRestore(Random rnd, int timeOut)
   {
      int lastWriter;

      try {
         rwl.AcquireReaderLock(timeOut);
         try {
            // It's safe for this thread to read from the shared resource,
            // so read and cache the resource value.
            int resourceValue = resource;     // Cache the resource value.
            Display("reads resource value " + resourceValue);
            Interlocked.Increment(ref reads);

            // Save the current writer sequence number.
            lastWriter = rwl.WriterSeqNum;

            // Release the lock and save a cookie so the lock can be restored later.
            LockCookie lc = rwl.ReleaseLock();

            // Wait for a random interval and then restore the previous state of the lock.
            Thread.Sleep(rnd.Next(250));
            rwl.RestoreLock(ref lc);

            // Check whether other threads obtained the writer lock in the interval.
            // If not, then the cached value of the resource is still valid.
            if (rwl.AnyWritersSince(lastWriter)) {
               resourceValue = resource;
               Interlocked.Increment(ref reads);
               Display("resource has changed " + resourceValue);
            }
            else {
               Display("resource has not changed " + resourceValue);
            }
         }
         finally {
            // Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl.ReleaseReaderLock();
         }
      }
      catch (ApplicationException) {
         // The reader lock request timed out.
         Interlocked.Increment(ref readerTimeouts);
      }
   }

   // Helper method briefly displays the most recent thread action.
   static void Display(string msg)
   {
      Console.Write("Thread {0} {1}.       \r", Thread.CurrentThread.Name, msg);
   }
}

' The complete code is located in the ReaderWriterLock class topic.
Imports System.Threading

Public Module Example
   Private rwl As New ReaderWriterLock()
   ' Define the shared resource protected by the ReaderWriterLock.
   Private resource As Integer = 0

   Const numThreads As Integer = 26
   Private running As Boolean = True
   
   ' Statistics.
   Private readerTimeouts As Integer = 0
   Private writerTimeouts As Integer = 0
   Private reads As Integer = 0
   Private writes As Integer = 0
  
   Public Sub Main()
      ' Start a series of threads to randomly read from and
      ' write to the shared resource.
      Dim t(numThreads - 1) As Thread
      Dim i As Integer
      For i = 0 To numThreads - 1
         t(i) = New Thread(New ThreadStart(AddressOf ThreadProc))
         t(i).Name = Chr(i + 65)
         t(i).Start()
         If i > 10 Then
            Thread.Sleep(300)
         End If
      Next

      ' Tell the threads to shut down and wait until they all finish.
      running = False
      For i = 0 To numThreads - 1
         t(i).Join()
      Next
      
      ' Display statistics.
      Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf & "{0} reads, {1} writes, {2} reader time-outs, {3} writer time-outs.",
                        reads, writes, readerTimeouts, writerTimeouts)
      Console.Write("Press ENTER to exit... ")
      Console.ReadLine()
   End Sub

   Sub ThreadProc()
      Dim rnd As New Random

      ' Randomly select a way for the thread to read and write from the shared
      ' resource.
      While running
         Dim action As Double = rnd.NextDouble()
         If action < 0.8 Then
            ReadFromResource(10)
         ElseIf action < 0.81 Then
            ReleaseRestore(rnd, 50)
         ElseIf action < 0.9 Then
            UpgradeDowngrade(rnd, 100)
         Else
            WriteToResource(rnd, 100)
         End If
      End While
   End Sub
    
   ' Request and release a reader lock, and handle time-outs.
   Sub ReadFromResource(timeOut As Integer)
      Try
         rwl.AcquireReaderLock(timeOut)
         Try
            ' It's safe for this thread to read from the shared resource.
            Display("reads resource value " & resource)
            Interlocked.Increment(reads)
         Finally
            ' Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl.ReleaseReaderLock()
         End Try
      Catch ex As ApplicationException
         ' The reader lock request timed out.
         Interlocked.Increment(readerTimeouts)
      End Try
   End Sub

   ' Request and release the writer lock, and handle time-outs.
   Sub WriteToResource(rnd As Random, timeOut As Integer)
      Try
         rwl.AcquireWriterLock(timeOut)
         Try
            ' It's safe for this thread to read or write from the shared resource.
            resource = rnd.Next(500)
            Display("writes resource value " & resource)
            Interlocked.Increment(writes)
         Finally
            ' Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl.ReleaseWriterLock()
         End Try
      Catch ex As ApplicationException
         ' The writer lock request timed out.
         Interlocked.Increment(writerTimeouts)
      End Try
   End Sub

   ' Requests a reader lock, upgrades the reader lock to the writer
   ' lock, and downgrades it to a reader lock again.
   Sub UpgradeDowngrade(rnd As Random, timeOut As Integer)
      Try
         rwl.AcquireReaderLock(timeOut)
         Try
            ' It's safe for this thread to read from the shared resource.
            Display("reads resource value " & resource)
            Interlocked.Increment(reads)
            
            ' To write to the resource, either release the reader lock and
            ' request the writer lock, or upgrade the reader lock. Upgrading
            ' the reader lock puts the thread in the write queue, behind any
            ' other threads that might be waiting for the writer lock.
            Try
               Dim lc As LockCookie = rwl.UpgradeToWriterLock(timeOut)
               Try
                  ' It's safe for this thread to read or write from the shared resource.
                  resource = rnd.Next(500)
                  Display("writes resource value " & resource)
                  Interlocked.Increment(writes)
               Finally
                  ' Ensure that the lock is released.
                  rwl.DowngradeFromWriterLock(lc)
               End Try
            Catch ex As ApplicationException
               ' The upgrade request timed out.
               Interlocked.Increment(writerTimeouts)
            End Try
            
            ' If the lock was downgraded, it's still safe to read from the resource.
            Display("reads resource value " & resource)
            Interlocked.Increment(reads)
         Finally
            ' Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl.ReleaseReaderLock()
         End Try
      Catch ex As ApplicationException
         ' The reader lock request timed out.
         Interlocked.Increment(readerTimeouts)
      End Try
   End Sub

   ' Release all locks and later restores the lock state.
   ' Uses sequence numbers to determine whether another thread has
   ' obtained a writer lock since this thread last accessed the resource.
   Sub ReleaseRestore(rnd As Random ,timeOut As Integer)
      Dim lastWriter As Integer
      
      Try
         rwl.AcquireReaderLock(timeOut)
         Try
            ' It's safe for this thread to read from the shared resource,
            ' so read and cache the resource value.
            Dim resourceValue As Integer = resource
            Display("reads resource value " & resourceValue)
            Interlocked.Increment(reads)
            
            ' Save the current writer sequence number.
            lastWriter = rwl.WriterSeqNum
            
            ' Release the lock and save a cookie so the lock can be restored later.
            Dim lc As LockCookie = rwl.ReleaseLock()
            
            ' Wait for a random interval and then restore the previous state of the lock.
            Thread.Sleep(rnd.Next(250))
            rwl.RestoreLock(lc)
           
            ' Check whether other threads obtained the writer lock in the interval.
            ' If not, then the cached value of the resource is still valid.
            If rwl.AnyWritersSince(lastWriter) Then
               resourceValue = resource
               Interlocked.Increment(reads)
               Display("resource has changed " & resourceValue)
            Else
               Display("resource has not changed " & resourceValue)
            End If
         Finally
            ' Ensure that the lock is released.
            rwl.ReleaseReaderLock()
         End Try
      Catch ex As ApplicationException
         ' The reader lock request timed out.
         Interlocked.Increment(readerTimeouts)
      End Try
   End Sub

   ' Helper method briefly displays the most recent thread action.
   Sub Display(msg As String)
      Console.Write("Thread {0} {1}.       " & vbCr, Thread.CurrentThread.Name, msg)
   End Sub
End Module

Commenti

ReaderWriterLock viene usato per sincronizzare l'accesso a una risorsa. In qualsiasi momento, consente l'accesso in lettura simultaneo per più thread o l'accesso in scrittura per un singolo thread. In una situazione in cui una risorsa viene modificata raramente, offre ReaderWriterLock una velocità effettiva migliore rispetto a un semplice blocco una alla volta, ad esempio Monitor.

ReaderWriterLock funziona meglio dove la maggior parte degli accessi è le letture, mentre le scritture sono poco frequenti e di breve durata. Più lettori si alternano a singoli writer, in modo che né lettori né scrittori siano bloccati per lunghi periodi.

Un thread può contenere un blocco lettore o un blocco writer, ma non entrambi contemporaneamente. Anziché rilasciare un blocco lettore per acquisire il blocco writer, è possibile usare UpgradeToWriterLock e DowngradeFromWriterLock.

Le richieste di blocco ricorsive aumentano il numero di blocchi in un blocco.

I lettori e i writer vengono accodati separatamente. Quando un thread rilascia il blocco writer, a tutti i thread in attesa nella coda di lettura in quel momento vengono concessi blocchi lettore; quando tutti i blocchi del lettore sono stati rilasciati, al thread successivo in attesa nella coda del writer, se presente, viene concesso il blocco del writer e così via. In altre parole, ReaderWriterLock alterna una raccolta di lettori e un writer.

Mentre un thread nella coda del writer è in attesa del rilascio dei blocchi del lettore attivo, i thread che richiedono nuovi blocchi lettore si accumulano nella coda del lettore. Le loro richieste non vengono concesse, anche se potrebbero condividere l'accesso simultaneo con i titolari di blocco lettore esistenti; ciò consente di proteggere i writer da blocchi indefiniti da parte dei lettori.

La maggior parte dei metodi per l'acquisizione di blocchi su un ReaderWriterLock accetta valori di timeout. Usare i timeout per evitare deadlock nell'applicazione. Ad esempio, un thread potrebbe acquisire il blocco writer su una risorsa e quindi richiedere un blocco lettore su una seconda risorsa; nel frattempo, un altro thread potrebbe acquisire il blocco writer sulla seconda risorsa e richiedere un blocco lettore sul primo. A meno che non vengano usati timeout, il deadlock dei thread.

Se l'intervallo di timeout scade e la richiesta di blocco non è stata concessa, il metodo restituisce il controllo al thread chiamante generando un'eccezione ApplicationException. Un thread può intercettare questa eccezione e determinare l'azione da eseguire successivamente.

I timeout sono espressi in millisecondi. Se si usa un System.TimeSpan oggetto per specificare il timeout, il valore utilizzato è il numero totale di millisecondi interi rappresentati da TimeSpan. La tabella seguente illustra i valori di timeout validi in millisecondi.

Ad eccezione di -1, i valori di timeout negativi non sono consentiti. Se si specifica un numero intero negativo diverso da -1, viene usato invece un valore di timeout pari a zero. Ovvero, il metodo restituisce senza attendere, se il blocco non può essere acquisito immediatamente. Se si specifica un TimeSpan oggetto che rappresenta un numero negativo di millisecondi diverso da -1, ArgumentOutOfRangeException viene generata un'eccezione.

Costruttori

Proprietà

Metodi

Si applica a

Thread safety

Questo tipo è thread-safe.

Vedi anche

• Threading gestito
• ReaderWriterLock